英语语言学Chapter3Morphology.ppt

Chapter 3 Morphology Q1. What is morphology? Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion? Q3. Morpheme: free morpheme vs. bound morpheme; derivational morpheme vs. inflectional morpheme Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix Q5. Compounding and compounds Q1. What is morphology? Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion? Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. E.g. hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting (song+shoplifting), workaholic, surgiholic, tree-hugger Taikonaut, ginormous, fantabulous 菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前 卫、PK、丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房 奴 Closed class words: grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. “e” “偶” Q3: What is morpheme? Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit How many morphemes does each of the following words contain? boy, desire boyish, desirable boyishness, desirability gentlemanliness, undesirability antidisestablishmentarianism Free vs. bound morpheme Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance. Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ -ed” in “recorded”. Derivational vs. inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined, or change their lexical or dictionary meaning. E.g. modern: modernize; length: lengthen; fool: foolish; do: undo; selfish: unselfish etc. Inflectional morphemes When a word changes in form but not in lexical meaning, we say it has undergone an inflection. E.g? Inflectional morphemes are morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect and so on; they never change the grammatical category of the base words or their lexical meaning. Ex. 4 on p41. Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix and some other terms: root, stem, base A root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional as well as derivational) are removed. E.g. _ in “desirable”, _ in “unbelievable” A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. E.g. _ in “undesirables”, _ in “enriched” A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base. E.g. “desire” in “desired” is a _? “enrich” in “enriches” is a _? Basic ways/rules of forming words in English 1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素 成词 2. Derivation 派生-a free morpheme plus at least a derivational morpheme (bound), a derivative 3. Compounding 复合-two free morphemes merged, a compound Examples of Compounding Noun compounds daybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) Verb compounds brainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V) Adjective compounds maneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.) Preposition compounds into (P+P) throughout (P+P) Some points about compounds When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head- strong, pickpocket Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Chinese morphology Do there exist affixes, free vs bound morphemes, derivational vs inflectional morphemes, and compounds in Chinese? one-morpheme words that may comprise two or more Chinese characters 单纯词 ： 人，水，走，吃，红 琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力 ，苏维埃 Derivatives 派生词 老-; 小-；阿-；第-；初-；见- -子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士；-手；-化 Compounds 复合词 思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心， 笔试 Chinese inflectional morphemes? Do the le element in the following two Chinese sentences express the same grammaticalized meaning? 他吃坏肚子了。 他吃坏了肚子。 Le is undoubtedly a grammatical marker. But is it an aspect marker or a tense indicator? A debatable matter. And it seems that the sentence final le