外文翻译：验证：爱尔兰企业网站实证研究

河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译验证：爱尔兰企业网站实证研究 院（系、部）名 称 ： 教育学院 专 业 名 称： 教育技术学 学 生 姓 名： 赵丹利 学 生 学 号： 1951150313 指 导 教 师： 张玉红 2016年12月23日河北科技师范学院教务处制 河北科技师范学院2017届本科毕业设计验证：爱尔兰企业网站实证研究玛丽莱维斯，马库斯赫尔弗特和马尔科姆布雷迪一、介绍万维网（WWW）是目前最大可用的动态分布式信息库，它自成立以来信息增长迅速。仅仅在爱尔兰就有超过2,060,000的用户。在过去的七年里（2000 - 2007年），爱尔兰互联网使用量增长了162.8。在英国增长了144.2，在欧洲增长了221.5，全球共增长244.718。互联网在我们生活的许多方面发挥作用，因此，为了保持竞争力和增加收入，企业需要设计更好的网站。互动对于吸引访问者并引导他们进行所需的行动至关重要，客户更有可能返回具有交互性功能的网站。网站的主页应该是一个营销工具，一个组织的“广告牌”。该设计对于捕捉观众的注意力和兴趣至关重要25，所以应该以一定的意义和积极的态度代表公司的形象，这一点很重要。因此，有许多商业机构在设计网站时都会有自己的网页设计理念。最基本的如下：应该包括主要内容、相关的选项和基本的信息，来设计一个安全的，可用的，且用户友好的Web界面，相对简单的导航，来确保使用任何主要的搜索引擎都能找到该网站。在从视觉角度看，网站看起来很吸引人，其他因素常常被忽略，例如验证和安全性，导致用户体验差和数据质量问题。随着现实世界中的数据不断变化，因此需要反馈才能保证质量。如果它正确网络质量的定义，有质量的文件，数据会被认为是高品质的。然而，有一些理解数据质量的理论框架。红人33和奥尔27提出了信息质量的控制论模型。控制论观点认为，组织是由反馈系统组成的紧密相互作用的反馈系统，将信息质量与其使用方式联系起来，在反馈周期中，每个系统的行为被其他行为，变化和产出持续地修改2,29，36。图1显示了现实世界中的信息系统。图1：现实世界中的信息系统29Wang和Strong提出了一个数据质量框架，其中包括表1中概述的固有数据质量，可访问性数据质量，语境数据质量和表示数据质量的类别。表1 管理员（admin）DQ类别描述DQ尺寸内在DQ准确性，客观性，辅助功能DQ辅助功能，情境DQ访问安全，相关性，增值，及时性，完整性，数据量DQ解释性，轻松理解，简洁表示，表象网站的质量可能与时效性，易于导航，易于访问和信息呈现等标准相关联。从客户的角度来看，可用性是Web应用程序中最重要的考察因素8。然而，即使遵守所有程序，仍然可能会出现降低在线体验质量标准的错误。例如，可能会移动文件或删除图像，从而导致链接断开。导致Web应用程序问题的根本原因是网页设计的方法不当。为了补救这几种技术来提升网站的质量，例如链接检查器，可访问性检查器和代码验证。为了提高网站的质量，结构和页面布局等方面需要一致和一致。一个好的网站必须包括防止故障的保护措施，并提供简单，用户友好的数据输入和验证过程。从文献综述来看，信息质量的普遍定义是难以实现的3,21,26,29,38,42。根据25技术上，满足所有要求的信息是质量信息。表2列出了研究质量的资深人物对质量的一些理解定义。表2 管理员（admin）作者中文名戴明满足客户需求朱兰适合使用克罗斯比符合要求石川连续的提高费根鲍姆客户满意度质量的一个定义是“一个实体特征的总体，它承担着能够满足规定和隐含需求的能力”13,14。这个定义对网站评估做出了两个要求。1）对所有网站的特征进行一般估值，2）网站满足特定需求的程度。（一）相关工作Pernici和Scannapieco 28讨论了一组数据质量维度，例如周期性，完整性，源可靠性和准确性，以评估网络信息系统中的数据质量，以支持对网页内容的正确解释。 Cusimano Com Corp4宣布，有效的网站必须清晰，翔实，简洁，图形化。Tilton 40建议Web设计者应提供具有与导航结构一致的清晰信息。Hylnka和Welsh 12提出了网页是沟通的来源，应该在沟通理论中进行分析。Kelly和Vidgen 16关注质量评估方法，电子质量和轻量级质量保证方法的组合，质量保证重点，并声明网站开发人员需要使用标准和最佳实践来确保网站功能，可访问性和可互操作性。有多种评估网站质量的方法，如竞争分析，检查和在线问卷调查。由Barnes和Vidgen开发的网络质量 1是评估网站质量的一种方法。网络质量有3个主要维度：可用性，内容质量和服务交互质量。根据1，网络质量是一个“结构化，有纪律的过程，通过产品和服务开发和实施的每个阶段，提供了识别和携带客户声音的手段”。可用性涉及与现场设计相关的质量;信息质量关注网站内容的质量;服务交互质量关系到用户进入网站时提供的质量。在这些维度中，网络质量包含一系列关于被评估网站的23个问题，每个问题包含1-7的评级; 1 =强烈不同意，7=非常同意。有关评估网站的详细信息，请参见24,34,35。EpplerMuenzemayer 7确定网站内容的质量;服务交互质量关系到用户提供的质量，因为他们输入了一组23个关于被评估网站的问题，每个问题包含1-7的评级;1=强烈不同意，7=非常同意。有关评估网站的详细信息，请参见24,34,35。 EpplerMuenzemayer 7确定了2个表现，4个质量类别和16个质量维度。Kahnetal17将IQ尺寸映射到具有2种质量类型，4种质量分类和16个质量维度的PSP/IQ模型。ZhuGauch 44线上信息检索的6项质量指标。（二）什么是优质网站？在线互动是提高商业网站质量的有效方式，网页设计师应该意识到设计如何影响网站的质量和组织的形象。良好的网站拥有丰富而直观的链接结构。 指向客户服务的链接应该被命名为“客户服务”，而寻找客户服务信息的冲浪者将知道这个链接到他们想要的页面。 因此，“点击这里”不应该被用作链接。信息管理者和开发人员必须确定用户需要多少信息25。一些用户有很多特定的主题背景，而其他用户可能只需要一个总结或概述。一个好的网页设计师将会清楚地了解每条数据如何与网站上的其他内容链接起来，并相应地组织链接。没有明确的导航系统，观众可能会迷失方向。超链接通过其颜色与页面中的正常文本区分开来。当超链接指向的页面被“访问”浏览器将通过更改链接的列表来通知用户41。任何Web应用程序中最脆弱的部分是其形式，Web应用程序最常见的活动是验证用户的数据。根据开放Web应用程序安全项目27，无效输入是十大关键Web应用程序安全漏洞。输入验证是创建强大的技术系统和保护Web应用程序的重要组成部分。由于Web应用程序的基本客户端服务器性质，输入验证应在客户端和服务器上完成。客户端验证用于在提交表单之前在数据收集点提供输入数据验证，并检查填写所需字段并符合某些特性，如内置长度限制，数字限制，电子邮件地址有效性，字符数据格式数据验证不正确会导致数据损坏。应对所有输入数据执行输入验证，确保信息系统存储干净、正确和有用的数据。无效数据的例如：输入的文本和有用的数据。无效数据例如：输入到数字字段中的文本，输入到文本字段中的数字数据，或输入到货币字段的百分比。表3提供了可以执行的一组示范性检查，以确保在数据被处理或使用之前传入的数据是有效的。表3 示例验证检查验证检查描述字符集确保数据只包含你期望的字符数据格式确保数据结构与预期一致范围检查数据在特定范围内存在检查没有丢失/空的字段在网站上提供可见的联系信息是对潜在客户使用的营销手段，以判断公司的可信度，因为它表示尊重客户，并意味着良好的服务承诺。网站内置的反馈机制是从最重要的人到您的客户那里获得有关网站和服务质量的有意义的反馈意见。毕竟，质量的一个定义是“达到或超过客户的期望”。网站成功的最重要因素之一是速度。如果网站没有反应，反应时间长，访客不会再来。 速度或响应能力是良好的网站设计和组织成功的组成部分。网页设计应考虑到速度31。估计如果页面在5-8秒内没有加载，您将失去1/3的访问者35。然而，许多设计师认为，随着宽带的近期发展，视觉美学现在更加重要，因为下载速度不是主要关注的问题。然而，并不是所有的用户都有宽带，应该考虑到这一点。为了本研究的目的，我们在最近的网站质量技术奖中使用了二十个入围者的数据集进行了实证研究。本研究的目的是从用户的角度对这些网站进行技术质量检测。我们的分析侧重于帮助网站所有者了解某些网站特征，信息质量和功能的重要性。在分析期间，我们测试了网站上的功能，如表单，导航过程，所有点击的相关性和页面下载速度。本文的其余部分组织如下：第2节显示了我们的方法，第3节给出了一个简要的总结和第4节的一些结论。Validation: AnEmpirical Study on Irish Corporate Websites Mary Levis , Markus Helfert and Malcolm Brady1.IntroductionThe World Wide Web (WWW) is the largest available distributed dynamic repository of information, and has undergone massive and rapid growth since its inception.There are over 2,060,000 users in Ireland alone. Over the last seven years (2000 - 2007), Internet usage in Ireland has grown by 162.8%; in United Kingdom by 144.2%; in Europe by 221.5% and Worldwide by 244.7%18. role in many aspects of our lives and therefore creates a greater need for businesses to design better websites in order to stay competitive and increase revenue. Interactivity is essential to engage visitors and lead them to the desired action and customers are more likely to return to a website that has useful interactivity.The websites homepage should be a marketing tool designed as a billboard for the organization. The design is critical in capturing the viewers attention and interest25and should represent the company in a meaningful and positive light. Therefore, there are many web design concerns for commercial organizations when designing their website.The most basic are as follows: content that should be included, selecting relevant and essential information,designing a secure, usable, user friendly web interface that is relatively easy to navigate, and ensuring the site is easy to find using any of the major search engines. In the drive to make the website look appealing from a visual perspective other factors are often ignored, such as validation and security, which leads to poor user experience and data quality problems.Data in the real world is constantly changing therefore feedback is necessary in order to ensure that quality is maintained. Data is deemed of high quality if it correctly probably find as many definitions for quality on the web as there are papers on quality. There are however, a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding data quality.Red man33 and Orr27 have presented cybernetic models of information quality. The cybernetic view considers organizations as made up of closely interacting feedback systems that link quality of information to how itis used, in a feedback cycle where the actions of each system is continuously modified by the actions, changes and outputs of the others2,29,36. Figure 1 shows an information system in the real world context. Figure 1: Information system in the real world context29Wang and Strong proposed a data quality framework that includes the categories of intrinsic data quality, accessibility data quality, contextual data quality and representational data quality outlined in table 1.Table1. IQ dimensionsDQ CategoryDQ DimensionsIntrinsic DQAccuracy, Objectivity,Believability, ReputationAccessibility DQAccessibility Access SecurityContextual DQRelevancy, Value Added Timeliness,Completeness,Amount of DataRepresentational DQnterpretability, Ease of understanding, Concise Representation,Consistent Representation The quality of websites may be linked to such criteria as timeliness, ease of navigation, ease of access and presentation of information. From the customers perspective usability is the most important quality of a Web application8.However, even if all procedures are adhered to, errors can still arise that reduce the quality standard of the on line experience. For example, a file may be moved or an image deleted, which results in broken links. The root cause that leads to web application problems is the poor approach to web design.To remedy this several techniques exist to evaluate the quality of websites for example link checkers, accessibility checkers and code validation. To help improve the quality of a website, aspects such as structure and page layout need to be consistent and coherent. A good website must include safeguards against failure and provide simple, user friendly data entry and validation processes.From the literature reviewed a universal definition of information quality is difficult to achieve3, 21, 26, 29, 38,42. According to25 Technically, information that meets all the requirements is quality information. Some accepted definitions of quality from the quality gurus are shown in table 2.Table 2 Example validation checksAuthorQuality DefinitionsDemingMeeting the customers needsJuranFitness for useCrosbyConformance to requirementsIshikawaContinuous improvementFeigenbaumCustomer satisfaction One definition of quality isthe totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs13, 14. Two requirements for website evaluation emerge from this definition. 1) general valuation of all the sites characteristics and 2) how well the site meets specific needs.1.1. Related WorkPernici and Scannapieco28 discuss a set of data quality dimensions such as expiration, completeness, source reliability, and accuracy to evaluate data quality in web in-formation systems to support correct interpretation of web pages content. Cusimano Com Corp 4 declared that effective web sites must be clear, informative, concise, and graphically appealing.Tilton40 recommends that Web designers should present clear information that has a consistent navigation structure. Hylnka and Welsh12 put forward the argument that the web page is a source of communication and should be analysed within communication theory.Kelly and Vidgen16 is concerned with the combination of a quality assessment method, E-Quality, and a light-weight quality assurance method, QA focus and states that website developers need to use standards and best practices to ensure that websites are functional, accessible and inter operable.There are a number of ways to evaluate the quality of websites, such as competitive analysis, inspection, and online questionnaires. Web Quality, developed by Barnes and Vidgen1 is one approach to the assessment of website quality. Web Quality, has 3 main dimensions: usability, in-formation quality, and service interaction quality. Ac-cording to1, Web Quality is a structured and disciplined process that provides a means to identify and carry the voice of the customer through each stage of product and or service development and implementation.Usability is concerned with the quality associated with the site design; Information Quality is concerned with the quality of content of the site; Service Interaction quality is concerned with quality provided to the users as they enter into the site. Within these dimensions, Web Quality consists of a set of 23 questions regarding the website being assessed and each question contains a rating from 1-7; 1 =strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree.Detailed information about evaluating websites can be found at24, 34, 35. Eppler & Muenzemayer7 identifies quality of content of the site; Service Interaction quality is concerned with quality provided to the users as they enter of a set of 23 questions regarding the website being assessed and each question contains a rating from 1-7; 1 =strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree.Detailed information about evaluating websites can be found at24, 34, 35. Eppler & Muenzemayer7 identifies2 manifestations, 4 quality categories, and 16 quality dimensions. Kahnetal.17 mapped IQ dimensions to the PSP/IQ model with 2 quality types, 4 quality classifications, and 16 quality dimensions. Zhu & Gauch44 out-lines 6 quality metrics for information retrieval on the web.1.2. What Is a Quality Website?Online interactivity is a valuable way of improving the quality of business websites and web designers should be aware of how design affects the quality of the website and the image of the organization.Good websites have a rich and intuitive link structure. A link going to the Customer Service should be named Customer Service and the surfer looking for Customer Service information will know this link goes to the page they want. Therefore, click here should never be used as a link.Information managers and developers must determine how much information users need 25. Some users will need much background on a specific topic whilst others may only need a summary or overview. A good web designer will think clearly about how each piece of data link sup with the rest of the content on the website and will organize the links accordingly.Without a clear navigation system, viewers can become disoriented. Hyperlinks are distinguished from normal text within a page by its col our. When the page pointed to by a hyper link has been visited browsers will inform the users by changing the links col our41.The most vulnerable part of any web application is its forms and the most common activity of web applications is to validate the users data. According to the Open Web Applications Security Project27 invalidated input is in the top ten critical web application security vulnerabilities.Input validation is an important part of creating a robust technological system and securing web applications. Be-cause of the fundamental client server nature of the web application, input validation should be done both on the client and the server.Client side validation is used to provide input data validation at the data collection point before the form is submitted and check that the required fields are filled and conform to certain characteristics such as built in length restriction, numeric limits, email address validity, character data format etc. Incorrect data validation can lead to data corruption.Input validation should be performed on all incoming data ensuring the information system stores clean, correct and useful data. Examples of invalid data are: text entered and useful data. Examples of invalid data are: text entered into a numeric field, numeric data entered into a text field,or a percentage entered into a currency field. Table 3provides an example set of checks that could be performed to ensure the incoming data is valid before data is processed or used.Table 3 Example validation checksAuthor Validation checkDescriptionCharacter setEnsure data only contain characters you expectData formatEnsure structure of data is consistent with what is expectedRange checkData lies within specific range of valuesPresence checkNo missing / empty fieldsConsistency check If title is Mr then gender is MaleHaving contact information available and visible on the website is a marketing plus that potential customers use in order to judge a companys trustworthiness, as it signifies respect for the customer and implies promise of good service.Feedback mechanisms built into the website are