电力专业英语9-中国电力工业概况简介.ppt

中国电力工业概况简介 1 词 汇 Generation mix Installed capacity Thermal power Coal-fueled, coal-fired, coal power Gas turbine Hydro power Nuclear power Wind power Wind farm Wind turbine, blade Solar power Photovoltaic Solar water heaters Bio-mass Grid interconnection Renewable energy Power industry reform Separation of generation from grid Separation the distribution and transmission networks Separation of the non-core assets Bidding for on-grid Load, demand Power flow, load Bottleneck Demand-supply balance Renewable energy law Coal-power alliance Mine-mouth power plants Transmission corridor 2 Grid interconnection Northeast Tibet North China Northwest South China Central China East China Taiwan 500KV AC(2) 2001 / 05 1200 MW 500KV DC(3) 1989 / 2003/2207 7200 MW 500KV AC(1) 2003 / 09 800 MW 120KV DC(1) 2005 / 06 360 MW 500KV DC(1) 2004 / 02 3000 MW 500KV AC(3) 2001 1900 MW 500KV AC(2) 2006 / 06 1200 MW State Grid Corporation 3 North Corridor Central Corridor South Corridor The capacity of each corridor will reach about 20GW in 2020. Power transmission from The West to the East: Three transmission corridors 4 Power supply and demand Chinas installed capacity and power generation output are second largest in the worlds electricity industry following the United States Source: China Electricity Council (/cec-en/index.htm 5 Power supply and demand ChinaU.S.World total Installed capacity (GW)356.6979.63,372.8 (% of world total)(9.6%)(26.4%)(100%) Power generation (TWh)1,654.23,858.515,614.1 (% of world total)(10.6%)(24.7%)(100%) Power generation per capita (KWh/person) 1,28813,1202,578 Electricity intensity per capita is 1/10 that of U.S. and less than half of the worlds average. 2002 Per Capita Generation in KWh per person 2002 Data 6 China has become a country with the second largest installed capacity in the world, being only next to US. 中国的装机容量居世界第二，仅次于美国 7 Power supply and demand Coal is the major generation supply fuel. Nuclear Thermal Hydro Others Power generation in 2004Installed capacity in 2004 (1,807 TWh) (328 TWh) (50 TWh) 8 The proportion of coal power is so high that the installed capacity of coal power accounts for 73% of the total installed capacity, and the generation volume of coal power is 1,807TWh, accounting for 83% of the total generation volume. 煤电的比例非常高，占总装机容量的73，发电量为1,807 TWh，占总发电量的83%。 Tera: 1012 TWh: Tera Watts hour 9 The features of Chinas energy structure determine such a power mix with coal power as the major component. The coal resources in China account for 11% of the worlds total coal reserves, and oil and natural gas account for 2.4% and 1.2% of the total reserves respectively. During a relatively long period in the first three decades of the 21st Century, the primary energy mix with coal playing a dominant role will not be changed. 中国能源结构的特点决定了煤电在电能中的主导地位。中 国的煤储量占世界总储量的11%，油和天然气分别占总储 量的2.4%和1.2%。在21世纪初很长一段时间内，煤占主导 的主要能源结构不会发生变化。 10 Power supply and demand Coal-fueled installed capacity mix in 2003 by unit size. The total installed capacity is 289,770MW 11 Power supply and demand Source: China Statistical Annual and China Energy Resource Statistical Annual, and China Electric Power Information Center. 2002 data. Industry Agriculture, forestry, ranching and fishery Residential Other Commercial Transportation and communication Construction Preliminary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry 10.71% 70.87% 5.2% 13.22% Industry electricity use dominates other sectors Share of total 2002 electricity use by sector in 4 countries Chinas 2002 elec. use 12 Power supply and demand YearTotalAgriculture, forestry, ranching and fishery Industry and construction Transportation, communication, commercial and others ResidentialRate of increase relative to the previous year 200214,97978010,6191,6001,98010.4% 5.2%70.87%10.71%13.22% 200318,63355913751.22,422.21,900.824.4% 3%73.8%13%10.2% 200421,762687.516,3012,329.52,44416.3% 3.16%74.9%10.7%11.24% 200524,69074018,4802,6302,84013.5% 3%74.85%10.65%11.5% 02-05 annual growth 18%-2%20%18%13% Electricity consumption (2002-2005) Business consumption growth dominates total growth 13 Power supply and demand Power shortages were being caused by need for more generation capacity (Trillion Yuan = $130B) 14 Chinas power market has been facing shortage since 2002, there were curtailments in the peak period in some provincial grids. 从2002年开始，中国的电力市场就面对电能短缺的局面， 在某些省网（或省份）发生用电高峰时期拉闸限电。 Peak period, peak hour 用电高峰 Peak load（峰荷），base load（基荷） The shortage also led to an overall delay in the opening of on- grid price competition in wholesale market. 另外，电能短缺也全面推迟了在电能批发市场实行竞价上 网。 15 After the power surplus in 1997, the state began to control the power construction projects. 1997年电能供大于求之后，国家开始严格控制电力建设项 目。 In the future 15 years, Chinas power supply will still face the cyclic shortage due to the distortion of the market signals and the rigidity of the project approval. 在未来的15年，由于市场信号的扭曲和电力建设项目审批 的僵化，中国仍然会发生周期性的电能供应短缺。 16 Especially, the rapid development of the high-energy- consumption sectors in China greatly boosted the increase of the power consumption. 尤其是高耗能企业的快速发展，急剧地增加了电能的消耗 量。 17 Power supply and demand Demand exceeded supply Balance Supply exceeded demand Demand and supply condition by region (2005) Power shortages occurred in three major regions. The number of provincial grids with curtailments in the peak period: 12 (2002) 22 (2003) 24 (2004) 26 (2005) 18 Causes of power shortages Climatic variability (droughts and heat waves) Economy, and therefore energy use, is growing faster than electric generation capacity can be built. 19 The following illustration would help readers to understand the magnitude of demand dynamics: to support the GDP growth with an average rate of 6.5% for the next 15 years to achieve a four-fold increase of per capita income, China needs to add new annual capacity of 48GW in a steady state growth model, equivalent to two-thirds of UKs total installed power generation capacity today. 下述事实可以帮助读者理解电能需求变化的幅度：为了在 未来15年内维持GDP 6.5的平均增长速率，实现人均收 入翻四翻，中国需要持续每年增加48GW装机容量，相当 于今天UK总的装机容量的2/3。 20 Causes of power shortages Coal supply shortages and transport bottle-necks Escalating coal prices and decreased energy content of coal. Differences in price trends of “regulated power prices” and “unregulated coal prices”. Blue indicates supply sources and red indicates major load centers 21 Chinas load centers and coal resources centers are separated, the bottleneck of the coal transportation makes the fuel supply very tight, which influences the normal production and supply of the power and accelerates the power shortage. 中国的负荷中心和储煤中心分布在不同地区，煤传输的瓶 颈造成原料供应紧张，影响了电能的正常生产和供应，加 剧了电能的短缺。 22 In terms of nuclear power generation, China will advance from the moderate development strategy to accelerating development strategy. Nuclear power will play an even more important role in Chinas future power development. Especially in the developed coastal areas with heavy power load, nuclear power will become the backbone of the power structure there. China has planned to build up another 30 sets of nuclear power generator within 15 years with total installed capacity of 36 to 40 million kWh, accounting for about 4% of Chinas total installed capacity of the electric power industry. 23 Nuclear power KEY NPP in operation NPP under construction NPP being proposed 24 Addressing power supply shortages Generation sector Developing coal-fired generation high boiler pressure, high capacity, and environmentally friendly is the direction. Accelerating development of hydropower, nuclear power, and gas-fired power generation. Introducing renewable energy (solar, wind,) Network sector Strengthening the grid. Intensifying energy conservation efforts and improving energy efficiency. 25 Environmental challenges Source: International Energy Association 2004 Chinas carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of fossil fuels are expected to increase from 3,000 million tons in 2000 to 5,700 million tons in 2020. 26 Environmental challenges emissionremovalefficiency SO28.01Mt0.97Mt10.8% Smoke dust 3.13Mt120.8Mt97.5% China is experiencing rising SO2 and NOX. Efficiency of SO2 and smoke dust emission reduction systems(2003) Emission trends 27 Improving generation and delivery efficiency Internal use of electricity % Power transmission losses % Coal consumption (g/kWh) 20055.827.18374 20205.16.2320 Greater generation and delivery efficiency is reducing rates of internal use of electricity, transmission losses, and coal consumption. 28 Strategies for overcoming coal supply and delivery challenges Alliances between coal mining companies and power generation companies Mine-mouth power plants substituting electric transmission for coal transportation Shenhua model: simultaneous stock holding and building of power stations Shanxi coking coal co. model: building of power station by coal mines Luneng model: building of coal mines by power enterprises Huainan model: joint venture to establish the new coal mines and power stations 29 Power industry reform history 20041997199820022002 20022004 State Power Corp. (SPC) established Dissolved Ministry of Electricity East China starts pilot regional power market operation. Power Regime Reform formally approved by the State Council State Elec. Regul. Commission (SERC) created (October 2002) SPC restruc- tured Separation of gen. assets from transmis- sion assets 30 Remarkable progresses have been made in separating the generation from the grid and in splitting the state power monopoly into five national generation holding groups since March 2002, when the reform program was approved by Article Five of the China State Council. 自从2002年3月国务院5号文件批准电力改革以来，在厂网 分开和打破电力垄断，成立5个国家控股的发电集团方面 已取得了显著的进展。 31 But the recent shortage forced the deregulating bodies such as the National Development and Reform Commission and the State Electricity Regulatory Commission to postpone some of the deregulation measures such as separating the distribution and transmission networks and opening regional wholesale markets. 但是最近的电能短缺迫使电力改革的主体，国家发改委和 国家电监会推迟了改革进程，例如输配分开和开放区域批 发市场。 32 Power industry reform generation assets grid assets China Huaneng Group China Datang Group China Guodian Group China Huadian Group China Power Investment Corporation State Grid Corporation of China China Southern Power Grid Corporation Former SPC To “ introduce competition and break the market monopoly introduce competition and break the market monopoly ” generation and grid sectors were separated. Restructuring of the State Power Corporation of China December 2002 33 Power industry reform Comparison of the installed capacity of different types of players (2004) Big 5 Generation Groups State-owned enterprises other than Big 5 groups Local, government-owned enterprises Generation owned by Grid Group State-