英语长、难句子翻译指导.ppt

英语长、难句子翻译技巧 虚拟语气 （Subjunctive Mood） 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的 话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设，愿望，建议， 怀疑，猜测或不大可能实现的空想。 I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中 虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句 由连词if 引导, 通常表达三种含义: 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 注意:在条件状语从句中，如果有were, should, had，可以把连词if 省去，把 were, should, had 提前放在句首，构成条件意义。 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If +主语 +动词过去式 (be的过去式用were) 主句: 主语+ would/should/ could/ might+原形动词 E.g. If I feared death, I wouldnt be a communist. 怕死就不做共产党员。 If there were no air, we couldnt live. 如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If +主语 +动词过去式 (be的过去式用were) 主句: 主语+ would/should/ could/ might+原形动词 E.g. If I feared death, I wouldnt be a communist. 怕 死就不做共产党员。 If there were no air, we couldnt live. 如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。 Exercise: I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him. A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know I _ it to him if I thought he would understand. A. shall explain B. will explain C. would explain D. explain 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If + 主语 + 动词过去完成式 主句: 主语 + would, should, could, might+have + 过去分词 E.g. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 如果你早来几分钟，你就会碰上他。 If there had been no air in the tube, the result of the experiment would have been more accurate. 如果试管中没有空气，实验结果就会更精确。 Exercise: If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night, _. A. you would meet John already B. you wont have missed John C. you will have met John D. you would have met John 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If + 主语+ should +原形动词， 或If + 主语+ were+不定式+原形动词 主句: 主语+would/should/could/might +原形动词 E.g. If he were to come tomorrow, things would be easier.假如他明天会来，事情就容易办了。 If the sand should be broken up, it would give out much energy. 如果沙子能被分解，它会释放出大量的能量。 注：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从 句中的should有时可以省略。 E.g. If he make the design, he might do it in some other way. 要是他来搞这个设计，他可能用另外的方法设计。 Exercise: If the sea _ to rise 50 feet, India would become an island. A. will B. is C. was D. were If you _ to see Mary, what would you tell her? A. are B. will be going C. must D. were 错综时间的虚拟语气 在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中，如果主句与从句的谓语 表示不同的时间，虚拟语气可有不同形式，即主句与从 句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。 E.g. If I had met him before, I could recognize him. 要是我以前遇见过他，我就能认出他了。（从句表示与 过去事实相反，主句表示与现在或将来事实相反） If we were driving at a speed of 100 Li an hour, we would have arrived there 2 hours ago. 如果我们的行车速度每小时100里，两小时以前我们就 会到达那里了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事 实相反） 省略连词if 在条件状语从句中，如果有were, should, had，可以把连 词if 省去，把 were, should, had 提前放在句首，构成条 件意义。 E.g. Should it rain tomorrow, what would you do? 万一明天下雨，你怎么办？ Were there no friction, we could not walk. 要是没有摩擦力, 我们就不能行走。 Had we known about the new method, we should have applied it earlier. 如果我们过去知道这种新方法，我们早就应用了。 Exercise: Had Alice been more hardworking, she_. A. had not failed B. would not fail C. could not be failed D. would not have failed _ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves _ difficulties, we would be successful. A. Should we overcome B. Would we overcome C. Might we overcome D. Could we overcome II. 虚拟语气用在 wish 后的宾语从句中 虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常 省去连词that），表示不可能实现的愿望。 1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望 3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望 1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望 主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 （be 一律用were） E.g. I wish I knew everything in the world. I wish that the experiment were a success. We wish we had wings. 我们希望有翅膀。 Exercise: I wish it _ not so cold outside. A. shall be B. be C. were D. is I wish I _ you better. A. know B. knew C. will know D. have known 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望 主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词 E.g. I wish that you had called yesterday. I wish that I could have gone with you last night. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there. Exercise: I wish you _ such a great deal of fuss. A. were not caused B. had not caused C. have not caused D. are not caused I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. A. hadnt had B. hadnt C. didnt have D. hadnt have 3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望 主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 E.g. I wish that he could try again. I wish that someday I should live on the moon. We wish that they would come soon. Exercise: I wish that we _ with my brother when he flies to England next week. A. could go B. had gone C. will go D. are going III. 虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中 1.虚拟语气用在 suggest, demand, insist, ask, move, advise. desire, order, propose, require, recommend, request, maintain, vote 等表示建议，命令，请求的动词后的宾语 从句中，从句的谓语用 should + 原形动词，但美国英语 中常要省去 should 。 E.g. I suggest we start at once. They propose that you (should) read the rules carefully. The commander ordered that the soldier fire at the enemy. He insisted that he go there on foot. 2.虚拟语气用在 It is + 形容词（或过去分词）+ that. .的 主语从句中，表示要求，建议，提议，命令，请求等， 英国英语中从句的谓语用“should +原形动词（或完成式 ）构成”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中 常用的形容词或过去分词有：advisable, desirable, essential, important, better, keen, natural, necessary, probable, possible, strange, vital, desired, demanded, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。 E.g. It is necessary that the machine (should) be oiled once a week. It is important that everyone (should) obey the law. It is suggested that you take a walk after supper. 3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议，要求，提议，命令，请求 等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中，英国英语中要 求从句谓语用“ should + 原形动词”，而美国英语中则要 求用原形动词， 但在 as if, as though引导的表语从句中 ，从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式，表示对现在 或过去的虚拟。 E.g. He complied with the requirement that the experiment (should) be done tomorrow. 他同意明天再做实验的要求。 He looks as if he were tired.他面带倦容。 We agree to the suggestion that they (should) work on night shifts in turn.我们同意轮流值夜班的建议。 His order is that you (should) send the materials to the work site at once.他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。 4.虚拟语气用在 It is (high, about) time (that) 句型中，定 语从句中谓语用动词过去式，意指将来。 E.g. It is time (that) we went home. It is high time we had the meeting. It is time you left. It is time that I was off. 注：如果主语是单数第一，三人称，动词 be常用 was 。 IV. 虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中 1.虚拟语气用在由as if /as though 引导的方式或让步状 语从句中，一般情况下，如果主谓语动词为现在时，从 句谓语多用过去时；如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语 多用过去完成时。虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导 的虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。 E.g. This old machine runs as if it were a new one. The old worker works as though he were a young man. Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train. 2.虚拟语气用在so that, lest （唯恐）, in case （万一）, unless, in order that（为了，以便）, that（为了，以至于 ）, for fear that （生怕，以免）, on condition that （如果 ）等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词，也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构 成的。 E.g. The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better. Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat. 一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。 I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me. The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life. 为了我们过上幸福生活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。 倍数的翻译 倍数的减少倍数的减少 倍数的增加 常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少 Exercises 1. 1. n n times times +名词或名词或+that +that of, of, n n times times as as asas或或v+ v+ n n timestimes等可译成等可译成“ “是是的的n n倍倍” ”或或“ “比比 增加增加n n 1 1倍倍” ”。 e.g. e.g. The The output output of of cars cars of of this this year year is is about about three three times times as as great great as as that that of of last last year.year. 今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。 （或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。）（或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。） 2. 2. n n times times +“ “增加增加” ”意义的比较级意义的比较级 + + thanthan可译可译 成成“ “净增加净增加或或倍倍” ”。 e.g. e.g. The The irrigated irrigated area area in in this this prefecture prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.is four times bigger than in 1998. 这个辖区的灌溉面积是这个辖区的灌溉面积是19981998年的年的4 4倍。倍。 倍数的增加 3. “增加“意义的动词+by可译成“增加了倍”；“增 加”意义的动词+by a factor of可译成“增加了n1倍 ”；增加意义的动词+to可译成“增加到或倍” 或“增加了n1倍”。 e.g. The value of our industrial output this year has increased five times as compared with that of ten years ago. 今年我们的工业产值比10年前增加了四倍。 The rate of inflation has increased by 3%. 通货膨胀率增长了3%。 4 Double, treble, quadruple, n +fold等表示的倍数 可译成“是的n倍”或“增加了n1倍”。 e.g. The efficiency of the machine has been more than trebled. 这台机器的效率增加了二倍多。 倍数的增加 1. 1. n n times times as“as“减少减少” ”意义的原级意义的原级 as, as, n n times times “ “减少减少” ”意意 义的比较级义的比较级 than than , , “ “减少减少” ”意义的动词意义的动词+ + n n timestimes等，等， 可译成可译成“ “比比减少减少(n-1)/n”(n-1)/n”、“ “减少了（减少了（n-1n-1）/n”/n”、“ “是是 1/n”1/n”、“ “减少到减少到1/n”(1/n”(若若n n中有小数点，则要换算成不带中有小数点，则要换算成不带 小数点的分数或百分数小数点的分数或百分数) )。 e.g. e.g. The The length length of of the the laser laser tube tube was was reduced reduced ten ten times.times. 激光管的长度缩短到激光管的长度缩短到1/10.1/10. （或：激光管的长度缩短了（或：激光管的长度缩短了9/109/10。）。） This This kind kind of of film film is is twice twice thinner thinner than than ordinary ordinary paper, but its quality is quite good.paper, but its quality is quite good. 尽管这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸张的一半，可是质量却尽管这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸张的一半，可是质量却 相当好。相当好。 倍数的减少 2“减少”意义的动词+by可译成“减少”、“减少n- 1/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+by a factor of可译成“减少n-1/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的 动词+to可译成“减少到”。 e.g. The load resistance is reduced by a factor of 5. 负载阻抗减少到五分之一。 The company has reduced its work force from more than 15,000 to 10,000. 该公司将其工作人员从一万五千人裁减到一万人。 倍数的减少 TranslateTranslate the following sentences into Chinese. the following sentences into Chinese. 1. 1. The The sales sales of of computers computers have have multiplied multiplied six six times since 1988.times since 1988. 1988年以来，计算机的销售量增加了五倍。 2. 2. The The number number of of the the students students enrolled enrolled in in evening evening classes has increased more than twofold.classes has increased more than twofold. 注册晚间上课的学生人数增加了一倍多。 3. 3. The The population population of of this this small small town town has has increased by a factor of four.increased by a factor of four. 这个小城镇的人口增长了三倍。 4. 4. The The price price of of mobile mobile phones phones was was reduced reduced by by 70%.70%. 移动电话的价格降低了70%。 5. 5. If If you you treble treble the the distance distance between between two two objects, objects, their their gravitational gravitational attraction attraction gets gets nine nine times times weaker.weaker. 假如你使两个物体之间的距离增大到三倍，那 么它们之间的万有引力就会减小到九分之一。 6. 6. By By using using an an automatic automatic assembly assembly line, line, the the assembling time will be reduced five times.assembling time will be reduced five times. 这条自动装配线使装配时间减少了五分之四。 7. 7. The The cost cost of of the the new new product product is is 25% 25% as as much much as as that of the old one.that of the old one. 新产品的成本是老产品的25%。 8. 8. The The machine machine improves improves the the working working conditions conditions and raises efficiency four foldand raises efficiency four fold. . 这台机器改善了劳动条件，使功效提高了三倍 。（功效是原来的四倍） 同位语翻译 (Translating Skills: Appositive) 结构复杂同位语结构复杂同位语 名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语 可以充当同位语的有名词、代词、介词短语、不定式等。同位可以充当同位语的有名词、代词、介词短语、不定式等。同位 语通常放在有关成分（本位语）之后，并对其内容进行进一步语通常放在有关成分（本位语）之后，并对其内容进行进一步 的解释说明。同位语一般用逗号与本位语隔开（但有时也可不的解释说明。同位语一般用逗号与本位语隔开（但有时也可不 隔开）。下面举例说明有关同位语的各种表达方式及其翻译方隔开）。下面举例说明有关同位语的各种表达方式及其翻译方 法：法： Exercises 同位语从句同位语从句 Example Example YouYou may leave it to may leave it to usus two. two. 你可以把这件事交给你可以把这件事交给我们我们两个。两个。 ThisThis is is Mr. ZhouMr. Zhou, director of our hospital., director of our hospital. 这是我们医院这是我们医院院长院长周先生周先生。 SheShe seemed different from seemed different from themthem all. all. 她似乎和她似乎和他们他们所有的人都不同。所有的人都不同。 ThisThis theory theory was was advanced advanced by by Li Li SiguangSiguang, , a a famous Chinese famous Chinese geologist.geologist. 这一理论是由中国的一位著名的地质学家李四光提出的。这一理论是由中国的一位著名的地质学家李四光提出的。 1 1名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语，一般与本名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语，一般与本 位语译在一起：位语译在一起： ExampleExample ThenThen arose the arose the questionquestion where we were to get where we were to get thethe machines needed. machines needed. 这时就产生了这样一个这时就产生了这样一个问题问题：我们到哪儿去找：我们到哪儿去找 需要的机器。需要的机器。 TheyThey visited eight visited eight citiescities, for example, London , for example, London andand Paris. Paris. 他们访问了八座他们访问了八座城市城市，例如伦敦、巴黎。，例如伦敦、巴黎。 2 2 有些同位语结构复杂一些，如由引导词有些同位语结构复杂一些，如由引导词 引导，翻译时一般译在本位语之后，且要用引导，翻译时一般译在本位语之后，且要用 标点符号（逗号或破折号）隔开。标点符号（逗号或破折号）隔开。 ExampleExample I I had no had no ideaidea that you were here. that you were here. 我不知道你也在这儿。我不知道你也在这儿。 ObviouslyObviously there was little there was little probabilityprobability that that theythey would succeed, but they didnt mind. would succeed, but they didnt mind. 很显然他们成功的很显然他们成功的可能性可能性极小，但是他们极小，但是他们 不在意。不在意。 3. 3. 在某些涵义需要进一步说明的名词（如在某些涵义需要进一步说明的名词（如 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubtidea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt 等）后可用等）后可用thatthat从句作同位语，称为同位语从句作同位语，称为同位语 从句。翻译时可译成该名词的定语。从句。翻译时可译成该名词的定语。 TranslateTranslate the the following following sentences sentences into into Chinese Chinese and and pay special attention to the appositive in italics.pay special attention to the appositive in italics. 1. 1. We We expressed expressed the the hopehope that that they they would would come come and visit China again.and visit China again. 我们表示希望他们再次访问中国。 2. 2. The The story story goes goes that that William William Tell Tell did did kill kill the the tyrant with that arrow.tyrant with that arrow. 传说威廉泰勒真用这支箭射死了暴君。 3. 3. There There is is not not probabilityprobability that that human human beings beings will will ever be controlled by robots.ever be controlled by robots. 人类受机器人控制德可能性是不存在的。 4. 4. She She went went to to the the meeting meeting on on the the suppositionsupposition that that people would not assail her with questions.people would not assail her with questions. 她参加了这次会议，心想人们是不会向她提许 多问题的。 5. 5. Ive Ive come come from from Mr. Mr. Lin Lin with with a a message message that that he he wont be able to see you this attention.wont be able to see you this attention. 我从林先生那儿来，他让我告诉你他今天下午 不能来看你了啦。 6. 6. The The middle-aged middle-aged man man is is a a newly newly elected elected team team leaderleader, able, open, and sincere., able, open, and sincere. 那位中年人是新选出的队长，他能干、开朗而 又诚恳。 8. 8. Their Their staffstaff of of 360, 360, mostly mostly former former housewives, housewives, help help the the residents residents with with their their laundry laundry and and mending.mending. 他们有360名职工，大部分原来是家庭妇女，现 在帮助居民做一些洗涤、缝补的事。 7. 7. His His only only interestinterest in in lifelife， playing playing footballfootball， has brought him many friendshas brought him many friends。 他生活中唯一感兴趣的东西是踢足球，这使他 得到很多朋友 。 名词性从句的翻译 名词性名词性wh-wh-从句的翻译从句的翻译 名词性名词性that-that-从句的翻译从句的翻译 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun (Noun Clauses)Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此名名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此名 词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句。句和同位语从句。 Exercises 名词性从句否定转移的翻译名词性从句否定转移的翻译 ThatThat只起连接主句和从句的作用，本身没有只起连接主句和从句的作用，本身没有 词义，词义， 例如：例如：ThatThat he is still alive is sheer luck. he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。他还活着全靠运气。 John John said said that that he he was was leaving leaving for for London London on on Wednesday.Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 名词性名词性that-that-从句的翻译从句的翻译 The The fact fact is is that that he he has has not not been been seen seen recently.recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 The The fact fact that that he he has has not not been been seen seen recently recently disturbs disturbs everyone in his office.everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有 的人不的人不安。安。 That-That-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用itit作先行词，而将作先行词，而将 that-that-从句置于句末。从句置于句末。 用用 it it 作先行词结构的翻译：作先行词结构的翻译： (1)It is (1)It is 名词从句名词从句 It is a fact that It is a fact that 事实是事实是； It is an honor that It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸； It is common knowledge that It is common knowledge that 是常识是常识 (2)It is (2)It is 形容词从句形容词从句 It is natural that It is natural that 很自然很自然； It is strange that It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是 (3) it is (3) it is 不及物动词从句不及物动词从句 It seems that It seems that 似乎似乎； It happened that It happened that 碰巧碰巧 (4) it (4) it 过去分词从句过去分词从句 It is reported that It is reported that 据报道据报道； It has been proved that It has been proved that 已证实已证实 Wh-Wh-词包括词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whicheverwhatever, which, whichever等连接代词和等连接代词和where, where, when, how, whywhen, how, why等连接副词，例如：等连接副词，例如： How the book will sell depends on its author.How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人书销售如何取决于作者本人。 In ones own home one can do what one likes. In ones own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。在自己家里可以随心所欲。 The club will give whoever wins a prize.The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 名词性名词性wh-wh-从句的翻译从句的翻译 My question is who will take over president of My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 She will name him whatever she wants to. She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 I have no idea when he will return. I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。我不知道他什么时候回来。 Im not sure why she refused their invitation. Im not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 That depends on where we shall go. That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。那取决于我们去哪儿。 Wh-Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词从句作主语也常用先行词itit做形式主语做形式主语 ，而将，而将wh-wh-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job. It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get It remains unknown when they are going to get married. married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。他们何时结婚依然不明。 wh-wh-从句常用结构的翻译：从句常用结构的翻译： What you need is What you need is 你需要的（东西）是你需要的（东西）是 How How 从句从句 is up to you. is up to you. 的方法的方法/ /途径由你决定。途径由你决定。 Where Where 主语谓语主语谓语 is none of your is none of your business. business. 什么地方与你无关。什么地方与你无关。 Why Why 主语谓语主语谓语 is a secret. is a secret. 为什