动词、写作训练.docVIP

一.动词的分类根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词（行为动词）、系动词、助动词、情态动词。根据动作的时限，可分为：延续性动词和非延续性动词注意：延续性动词(如work, stay)可与一段时间（如for five days)连用。非延续性动词(如buy, arrive)则不可。实义动词/行为动词含有实际意义, 表示主语的动作或状态, 在句子中能独立作谓语。 系动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成系表结构作谓语，表示主语的状况，性质，特征等情况。 助动词本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情绪。 二、 各类动词的基本用法1.实义动词/行为动词(1)分类：实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。后面可以直接接宾语的动词叫及物动词；后面不可以直接接宾语的动词叫不及物动词。如果此类词需要接宾语的话，则必须在其后加介词。如：They watched a football game yesterday. (watch为及物动词)The baby cried. (cry为不及物动词)He went to Canada last year. (go为不及物动词，故要表示“去某地时”，需在其后加上介词to。)(2)实义动词的功能主要在句中作谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。如：Many people bought that book. （bought在本句中作谓语动词。）He likes playing computer games. （本句中like为谓语动词，playing为动名词，作非谓语动词。）2. 系动词系动词又可分为以下几类： (1) 状态系动词 用来表示主语的状态，只有be一词。be通常可以译为“是”或不译出。如：He is a doctor. 他是一名医生。They are angry. 他们生气了。(2) 持续系动词 表示主语继续或保持某种状况或态度，此类词主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand等。如：The weather remains cold. 天气仍然很冷。Why he left rests a secret. 他为什么离开仍然是个秘密。(3) 表像系动词 表示主语看起来像，主要有seem, appear, look。如：He looks happy. 他看起来很幸福。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。(4) 感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste分别表示“(某物)摸起来，闻起来，听起来，尝起来.”。如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来（手感）很软。Her voice sounds beautiful. 她的声音听起来很动人。(5) 变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。如：His face turned red. The man grew rich within a short time. (6) 终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out，通常译为“（最后） 证明是”，“（最后）变成”等意。如：What he said proved true. 他说的话（最后）证明是真的。The party turned out very well. 聚会（最后）很成功。注意：有些动词可用作系动词也可用作实义动词，但意义不同。如：He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语，构成主系表结构）He fell off the bike. 他从自行车上摔下来。（fell 是实义动词，单独作谓语）I have got the answer to the question. 我已经得到问题的答案。 （及物动词）I got tired. 我累坏了。（系动词）Look at this picture. 看这幅画。（不及物动词）You look tired. 你看上去很疲惫。（系动词）3. 助动词(1) 助动词在句中的功能： 表示时态。如：You are learning English grammar now. Ive finished the book. 表示语态。如：My computer was bought two years ago. （be 与过去分词连用构成被动语态） 构成疑问句如：Do you like coffee? Shall we go now? 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句如：Some students dont like math. 用以加强语气，起到强调作用如：He did go to the party. 他的确去参加那次宴会了。Do listen to your teacher carefully. 一定要注意听讲。(2) 常见助动词的用法常见助动词主要有be, have, do, shall, will, should, would1）be的用法 be +现在分词，构成进行时态。如：The two boys are talking. be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。如：The book was written by Lu Xun. be + 动词不定式，可表达多种意思：A. 表示将来的计划或安排。如：Im to go to Beijing next month. We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. B. 表示命令。如：You are to come to the office after class. Tom is to pick up Mr. Smith. C. 征求意见。如：How am I to help him?Who is to fetch the book?2) 助动词have的用法 . have +过去分词，构成完成时。如：He has left for Guangzhou.他已去了广州。The movie had started when I arrived at the cinema. 当我到达影院时电影已开始了。. have + been +过去分词，构成现在完成时的被动语态。如：This dictionary has been used for many years. 这本词典已（被）用了很多年了。注意：have还可用作普通动词，而且有多种含义：如“有”、“吃”、“喝”、“进行”等。 have表示“拥有”时，否定形式和疑问形式可以用两种方法进行变化，即：用助动词do/does/did或直接用have/has/had。如：He has a cat.他有一只猫。He hasnt a cat. (否定句)=He doesnt have a cat. (否定句)have 表示“进行”“吃”“喝”等时，否定句和疑问句只能用助动词来表达。如：I had a meeting yesterday. 我昨天开了个会。I didnt have a meeting yesterday. (否定句)Did you have a meeting yesterday? (疑问句)3) 助动词do 的用法.构成一般疑问句。如：Do you speak English? . do + not 构成否定句。如：We dont know her. . 构成否定祈使句 （通常用Dont do , 和Dont be两种句式）。如：Dont waste your time. 置于动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，以示强调。如：I do want to learn English well. 我的确想学好英语。4） 助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词一般用于构成将来时, shall通常用于第一人称，而will则可以用于所有人称。如：We shall leave Qingdao for Zhengzhou. They will arrive soon. 4. 情态动词(1) can 和be able to can只用于现在时和过去时(could); 而be able to 可用于各种时态。如：The baby couldnt speak last month, but he can now. You will be able to know the result of the exam very soon. 2）只用be able to的情况 在助动词和情态动词后。如：He has been able to support himself. You must be able to do it. .表示过去某时刻成功的做成了某事时，用was/were able to，不能用could。但否定句中，两者可以通用。如：He worked very hard, and was able to pass the exam. Though he worked very hard, he wasnt able to/couldnt pass the exam. 注意： 在下列情况中could不表示过去时态 提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。如：-Could I have the television on?-Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑，不如can有把握。如：He cant be a bad man. 他不可能是坏人。He couldnt be a bad man 他不大可能是坏人。在虚拟语气的主句中用could表示未来不可能实现的情况。如：If I had more time, I could go with you tomorrow. 如果我明天有更多的时间，就能和你一块去。 (2) may和might 表示允许或请求，might比may更客气；might通常只用于疑问句。如：May/Might I speak to you for a moment, please? -Might I come in? 我可以进来吗？-Yes, of course you may. 当然可以。（注意在回答时通常不用might表许可） 表示没有把握的推测，might的表示的可能性更小。如：The child may be home already. 那小孩可能已经到家。She might win the prize. 她有可能得奖。 may 放在句首，表示祝愿。如：May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！May you succeed! 祝你成功！(3) have to和must 两词都是“必须”的意思，have to 表示客观条件的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上认为必要。如：I had to go by bus to the office because my car wouldnt start. (客观上需要这样做)He said that they must work hard. （主观上认为要这样做） have to有人称、数及时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。如： He had to look after his sister yesterday. You will have to go back if you forget to bring your book. Tom said they must finish the work before 11 p.m. dont have to表示“不必（做某事）”， mustnt 表示“禁止（做某事）”。如： You dont have to come with me. 你不必跟我一起去。（想去也可以去） You mustnt come with me. 你一定不能跟我去。（想去也不能去） He doesnt have to work so hard. 他不必要如此拼命地工作。（非要拼命也没办法） He mustnt work so hard. 他一定不能如此拼命地工作。（再这样下去会出问题的） must可用于肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。如：Its already ten oclock. My mother must be angry. 已经十点了，妈妈一定生气了。She must be a nurse. 她肯定是个护士。注意：must表示较有比握的肯定猜测，如果要表示有把握的否定猜测则用cant。如：She cant be a nurse.她不可能是护士。(4) had better表示“最好（做某事）”， 相当于一个助动词，后面跟动词原形，即had better do sth 其否定式为had better not do sth。如：It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat。Youd better not smoke here. (5) should 表示“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。如：We should speak to old people politely. 注意：表示要求，命令时，语气由should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。(6) would rather表示“宁愿（做某事）”，后接动词原形，其后接从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即表达现在或将来的情况时用一般过去时，表达过去的情况时用过去完成时。如：I would rather stay here. 我宁愿呆在这儿。Id rather you told me the truth right now. 我宁愿你现在就把真相告诉我。(事实上没有)(7) will和would 表示主观意志和决心，通常可译为“要，愿”，would用于过去时中。如：I will do my best.我将尽我最大的努力。Will you go to the cinema? 你愿意去看电影吗？Will we have a meeting? 我们要不要开个会？ 用于疑问句中，表示“请求或征求意见”，此时，would不表过去，只是比will语气更委婉，更客气。如：Will you pass me my book? Would you mind my sitting here? will 表示经常性，习惯性，倾向性，常译为“经常，总是”等; would表示过去的习惯。如：Man will die without air. When he was a child, he would go swimming with other children in summer. 表示推测时，通常译为“可能，大概”，would不表过去，其比will表示的可能性小一些。如：This will be his house. This would be the book you are looking for. will可表示“能力，能够”。如： The bottle will hold one kilogram water. 这个瓶子可以乘一公斤水。 A camel will live for a long time without drinking water. 骆驼不喝水可以活很长时间。注意： would like后接to do。如：Would you like to attend the party? 你愿意参加这个宴会吗？ Will you?Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求或劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。如：Would you like some cake? 来点蛋糕怎么样？ 否定结构中用will，一般不用would。Wont you是一种委婉语气。如：Wont you sit down? 不坐下吗？(8) need的用法用作情态动词时，只用于否定句和疑问句。后接不带to的动词不定式。 如： You need not meet him unless youd like to. Need we go so soon? Yes, we must. / No, we neednt. 是的，必须。不，不必。 So I neednt tell him, need I?所以我不需要告诉他，对吧？ Why need you go today? 用作实义动词时，有时态、人称和数的变化，一般后接带to的动词不定式。如：I need to look up this word in the dictionary. 我需要在词典中查一下这个词。Does he need to go right now? =Need he go right now? 他需要马上走吗？当物作主语时，need后接doing表示被动意义。如：My shoes need mending. 我的鞋需要（被）修了。need not + have done表示过去不必做某事却做了；did not need to do 表示过去不必做某事，事实上也没有做。如：He neednt have bought a new one that day. （事实上却买了）He didnt need to buy a new one that day.（事实上也未买）(9) used to used to表示“过去常常”，含有“现在已不再如此”的意思。如：I used to play tennis in the afternoon. The two children used to send me cards at Christmas time. used to的否定句和疑问句有两种形式。如：Did he use to smoke? = Used he to smoke? Usednt he to smoke? = Didnt he use to smoke? He usednt to smoke. =He didnt use to smoke. (10) 表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。如：I dont know where she is, she may be in Nanjing. 情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。如：At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。如：Mary must have received my letter. The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 在疑问句和否定句中，表示对过去事情的推测时通常用cant/couldnt have done。如：Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. He cant have been to your home. He is with me all the day. .中考真题演练1.Does the soup _ nice?Yes. Its hot, but really delicious. A. sound B. feel C. look D. taste2. This toy Mickey Mouse _ be Amys. Shes the only kid at the picnic.A.must B.can C. need D.cant3. Shall I tell Jim the good news?No, you _. Ive told him alreadyA. wouldnt B. neednt C. shouldnt D. mustnt4.Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the Peoples Park? Walk along this road and turn right, and the park is on your right. You _ miss it. A. neednt B. mustnt C. may not D. wont 5. I often listen to the song Rainbow. So do I. It _ beautiful. A. feels B. smells C. sounds 6. I called you, but nobody answered. Where _ you? A. is B. are C. was D. were 7. The food here smells good, but what does it _ like?A. tasteB. touchC. seemD. feel8. Excuse me, have you got an eraser? Sorry, I havent. Why _ you ask Mary? Perhaps shes got one. A. doB. dont C. did D. didnt 9. Do you know who cleaned the blackboard, Tina?Yes. John _.A. doB. doesC. did10. Mom, must I finish my homework now? No, you _. You may have supper first. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant 11. Mr. Wang, can I finish my homework tomorrow? No, you _. A. cant B. dont C. neednt D. wont 12. Must I get up early tomorrow morning? No, _. A. you mustnt B. I dont think you have to C. you cant D. you need 13. Will you stay for some more days?Sorry, I _. My mother called to ask me to go back at once. A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. wouldnt14. Who is singing in the next room? Is it Lucy? It _ be her. She has gone to New York. A. cant B. must C. shouldnt D. can 15. Will the new iphone cost a lot? I _ think so. Apples products are usually expensive. A. shouldnt B. neednt C. would D. must (一)难度：A.信息归纳请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成下面表格。Did you watch the 2012 London Olympic Games? If you did, you must know a person who changed mens swimming history of China and set a new world record for us.Yes, thats Sun Yang who gave us lots of surprise by winning two Olympic gold medals in swimming.Sun Yang became the first Chinese male swimmer to earn a gold medal as he won the 400m freestyle with an Olympic record in London on July 28th, 2012.It is the first gold medal a Chinese swimmer has ever won in the Olympic history.All of the Chinese are proud of him.He is the hero of the whole China.Sun Yang was born on December 1st, 1991 in Zhejiang.He is 198cm tall and 89kg in weight.Sun Yangs hobbies are singing and reading.Sun Yang loved sports when he was very young.He kept training hard every day and that is why he has made such great achievements.Now nearly every Chinese knows him.When he goes anywhere, he must be followed by his fans, which makes his life less convenient and difficult, but he is very rich.So do you want to be a person like him?Information CardThe time Sun Yang changed mens swimming history of China(1)_.Where was the 2012 Olympics held？(2)_.The number of gold medals he got at the Olympics(3)_.When was Sun Yang born？(4)_.Sun Yangs hobbies(5)_.B.书面表达 中国在2012年伦敦奥运会赢得了38枚金牌，所有中国人都为此而感到骄傲。假设你是一名叫李明(Li Ming)的中学生，你也很热爱运动，擅长运动。请你用英语写一篇文章，内容包括：1.你的特长和爱好。2.你想成为专业运动员(professional athlete)，但你的父母不同意，请你阐述利弊。3.请谈论你将如何为实现你的梦想而努力，并坚信你的梦想一定会成真。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。 (二) 难度：A.信息归纳请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成下面表格。“Who needs a shopping mall if you have Taobao？” says Wang Lin, 28, a writer in Beijing.Taobao, Chinas largest online shopping site, has become an important part of Wang Lins life.She spends lots of money on Taobao.A growing number of Chinese Internet users like Wang have found the joys of online shopping.Most online shoppers are students or young workers.More women shop online than men.Clothing and homeuse products (产品) are the most popular online.It was reported that more than 250 billion yuan was spent on online shopping last year, 80% through Taobao. Taobao means “looking for treasure” in Chinese. People can find almost everything they need on Taobao, from clothes to books, from candies to DVD players.“You may question the security of online shopping，” Wang Lin said.“Its very safe and convenient.Unless you receive the products from sellers and are satisfied with them, the shop owner will not get the money.You can also get your money back if you want to return the product.”Information CardJob of Wang Lin(1)_.Most online shoppers are(2)_.The most popular products online(3)_.In Chinese Taobao means(4)_.The reason why Wang Lin likes shopping online (5)_.B.书面表达随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活的一部分。我们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如淘宝网、京东商城等，但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢？请你写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。 (三)难度：A.信息归纳请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成下面表格。Looking for help：I come to a new class and I have no friends.I really miss my old friends very much.And the most seriously, I am too shy to talk to others.I want to make more friends.What should I do？ JimI like playing computer games.But my parents dont want me to do it.They think I play computer games too much, but in fact I only play it for a short time and I often spend more time looking through useful information for my study and listening to music.I like music very much.I am very upset.What should I do？ CathyI cant study English well.There are so many English words for me to learn, and I can hardly remember them so I failed my English test last Friday.Can you help me？ Li PingInformation CardJim has trouble in(1)_.Cathy spends more time(2)_.What Cathys parents think(3)_.Who cant do well in English？(4)_.The time when Li Ping failed the test(5)_.B.书面表达假设你叫李娜，在网上看到了以上三个网友的留言，你有办法帮助其中一个求助的人。 请你写一封电子邮件回复他(她)，内容包括：1.你对这个网友所提及的事情的看法。2.就该现象提出至少三条以上解决问题的建议。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。Dear_，Im very glad that I can give you a hand._ Yours， Li Na读写综合(一)A.1.July 28th, 20122.In London 3Two4.On December 1st,19915Singing and readingB.参考范文：Im Li Ming, a middle school student who dreams to be a professional athlete.I love running and I enjoy the feeling while Im running on the playground.I have won many gold medals in the sports meeting.So Im very proud of myself.However, my parents dont agree.They want me to get a good education as many other kids do.They say if I dont succeed, it will be hard for me to find another way to make a living.I can understand them, but Ill never give up.Ill do lots of practice and Im sure I can achieve my dream.(二)A.1.A writer2.Students or young workers3Clothing and homeuse products4Looking for treasure5Its very safe and convenientB参考范文：Shopping OnlineShopping online is becoming more and more popular.I think it has both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand, its cheaper and convenient to buy things online than in real shops.And it can also save lots of time because you neednt spend time hanging around from this shop to that.On the other hand, it also has lots of problems, like the quality of the products you buy, the safety of paying and getting the products. But I think the most important thing is that we should make it clear to buy what we really need. (三)A.1.Making new friends2Looking through useful information for study and listening to music3She plays computer games too much4Li Ping5.Last FridayB.参考范文1：Dear_Jim，Im_