动词时态语态考点聚焦.docx

动词时态语态动词时态 1时态是动词的一种形式动词的存在方式和发生的时间的结合，构成时态。时间有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分；方式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行之分。每一种“时间+方式”就构成一种时态。在十六种时态中，常用的时态有八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。列表如下：现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行现在完成进行时过去完成进行时 2“一般”表示某动作既不在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。“进行”表示一种持续性的、未完成的动作，它还伴随着其他一些意义，如感情色彩、描述生动性、强调性等。“完成”表示某动作发生在某个时间之前，但动作发生的时间总是未明确指出来。请体会下列句子的含义的差别： l)The teacher writes his own notes(经常、习惯性动作) 2)The teacher is writing his notes now(正在进行的动作) 3)The teacher has already written his notes(现在已完成的动作) 4)I read a book yesterday evening(过去时间内结束的动作) 5)I was reading a book yesterday evening(过去时间的持续动作) 6)I have read the book(现在已完成的动作) 7)She comes late for school often(经常、习惯性动作) 8)She is always coming late for school(带有不满的感情色彩)焦点1一般现在时的用法意 义例 句1表经常性的动作或存在的状态1What does your father do? 2What is your father?2表真理或客观存在的事实1Knowledge is power.2Time and tide waits for no man.3表按时间表拟订或安排的事情1Train 168 leaves London at six.2The final exam takes place next week.4表正在发生的动作1Here comes a bus! 2How hard it snows!5用于时间、条件等状语从句表将来1If you speak slowly, Ill follow you.2When youre in trouble, turn to me for help.焦点2一般过去时的用法意 义例 句1表过去经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态1. I always got up late，and never had enough time for supper.2. He was ill for 10 days last month.2表过去时间内完成的动作或结束的状态1. The book was written by Lu Xun2. She suddenly fell ill yesterday3描述相继发生的过去的动作Tom was late. He opened the door quietly, moved in and walked to his seat.4在时间、条件等状语从句中表过去将来She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.焦点3一般将来时和过去将来时的用法形式意义例句1willshall do sth客观上必将发生的事1. I will / shall be 36 years old next year.2. It will be Christmas and the New Year.临时决定的“意图”、随即产生的想法-I hear Mr. Li is ill.-Oh, Ill go to see him.2. am(is, are) going to do sth据现有迹象推测将要Look at the cloudsIts going to rain soon事先考虑的“意图”、早有的打算-Why have you torn the paper?-Im going to rewrite it.3. be doing sth指安排好要做的事1. Im doing my experiment tomorrow.2. Shes leaving for Japan tomorrow morning.4. be to do sth表计划、安排、约定的要做的事或按职责、义务、要求做的事1. The president is to visit China next week.2. The meeting is to take place tonight.5. be about to do= be on the point of doing sth表客观上很快要发生的动作；be not about t“不愿意做”1. Dont go out. Were about to have dinner.2. I was about to start when it began to snow.3. Dont quit. Were on the point of making it.4. John isnt about to do that.6. do, have done在时间、条件等状语从句中表将来意义1. Dont get off the bus till it has stopped.2. When Ive finished supper, Ill go to see a film.7. do sth表按时间表中拟定的或安排的事情1. The train 168 leaves London at six.2. The sports meeting takes place on Oct. 18. 从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，用过去将来时。其表达方式与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词要改为过去时形式。焦点4现在进行时的用法意义例句1. 说话的此时此刻在进行的动作1. The telephones ringing. Would you answer it, please?2Whatre you doing，Bob? Grandma is asking to see you2. 现阶段在进行的动作1. His sister is studying French at university.2George is working on a new book about love stories3与频度副词连用表示特定的感情色彩“赞扬、厌恶或批评”1Shes always thinking of others instead of herself.2Why are you always coming late for class?4指按计划、安排要做的事情1. Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week?2. Im taking my daughter to the Central Park this Sunday.5. 在时间、条件等状语从句表将来进行If Im sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please!焦点5过去进行时的用法意义例句1. 过去某一时刻、阶段进行的动作1. When he called me, I was having dinner.2. What were you doing last spring?2. 表示逐渐变化（不带时间状语）1. The wind was rising.2. It was getting dark.3. 可用于说明过去的原因I didnt hear what you said; I was looking at the photo.焦点6现在完成时的用法意义例句1过去的动作持续到现在(延续性动词)1I have lived here since nine years ago2I have worked here since 20002过去的动作对现在有影响(非延续性动词)-What time is it by your watch? -Im sorry but I have lost it3在时间、条件等状语从句中表将来（强调该动作先于主句谓语动词发生）1Dont get off until it has stopped2Ill go swimming with you when Ive finished my homework【注意】非延续性动词的现在完成时不能和sincefor连用。如：His father died 5 years ago=His father has been dead for 5 years=Itshas been 5 years since his father diedMary left 10 minutes ago=Mary has been away for 10 minutes=Itshas been 10 minutes since Mary left常见的瞬间动词有：marry，dose，die，arrive，leave，lose，join，buy，bowwow，start，begin。焦点7过去完成时的用法意义例句1. 发生于过去的动作到过去某个时间结束I had taught English for nineteen years by the end of last years2. 在过去某一时间或动作之前所发生的动作When we got there, the meeting had begun焦点8几种时态的用法比较1一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较 一般过去时其所表示的时间是可以具体确定的过去范围内的时问点或时间段，它所表示的动作或状态纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体确定的过去某个或某段时间它所表示的事情与现在的情况有关，是过去的情况对现在产生的结果或对现在造成的影响。请比较下列几组句子，体会两种时态的不同： l)He served in the army from 1952 to 1954(只说明过去这一事实) 2)He has served in the army for 5 years(现在仍在军队服役，他是个军人) 3)He wrote many plays when he was at college 4)He has written many plays 5)I saw Hero last year 6)I have seen Hero before 7)He went to Beijing twice last year 8)He has been to Beijing twice2一般过去时与过去完成时的用法比较 一般过去时是相对现在而言的，过去完成时是对过去某一时刻而言，两种时态建立的时间参照点不同。过去完成时必须有一个过去的时间来衬托(没有过去就没有过去的过去。则不能使用过去完成时)。请比较： l)Last week they learnt Lesson 12 2)By the end of last week hed learned 12 lessons 3)By now he has been ill for 3 months 4)By the end of next week they，theyll have learned 16 lessons3现在完成时与过去完成时的用法比较 二者都常与表示一段时间的状语连用。现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语)，而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。请比较： l)She had been ill for a week before she came back(发病在过去的过去) 2)She has been ill for a week(现在仍在生病)4一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较 二者都表示过去时间内事物的情况，但是一般过去时指的是过去发生的动作或存在的状态(已完成结束)；而过去进行时强调的是过去时间内动作在进行(动作结束与否不清楚)。 l)Last night he wrote a lever 2)Last night he was writing a letter5现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法比较 现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时间内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则强调的是动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。如： We have been thinking of writing a lever 0f complaint to the manager himselfBut wed like to hear your opinion first焦点9固定句式中所要求的时态1“time句式” 1)ItThis is the first(second, last)time that结构中，从句须用现在完成时： ItThis is the first time that we have met each other 2)ItThat was the first(second, last)time that结构中，从句须用过去完成时： ItThat was the second time that he had been to Beijing 3)It is time that结构中，从句须用一般过去时或should do，should不能省略。 Its high time that we beganshould begin our class2“since句式” 1)It ishas been some time since sb did sth从句中的谓语动词如果是短暂性动词，表示该动作从过去到现在已有一段时间了；如果是延续性动词，表示从该动作的结束到现在已有一段时间了。 It ishas been 3 days since she fell ill(生病已经有3天了) It ishas been 3 days since she was ill(病好已经有3天了) 2)It was some time since sbhad done sth=It had been some time since sb did sth从句中的谓语动词如果是短暂性动词，表示该动作从过去到过去已有一段时间了；如果是延续性动词，表示从该动作的结束到过去已有一段时间了。 His father returned to his hometown last weekIt was 10 years since he had left home=His father returned to his hometown last weekIt had been 10 years since he left home It was 2 months-since he had worked there=It had been 2 months since he worked there3“before句式” 1)It will(not)be some time before sb do sth表示多长时间以后某事将发生。 2)It was(not)some time before sb did sth表示多长时间以后某事发生了。 It wont he long before he succeeds It was ten years before they met again4“when句式” 1)Hardly had done when；No sooner had done than表示“刚刚就”前一分句用过去完成时，后一分句用一般过去时。如： Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down No sooner had he arrived at the station than it began to rain 2)be+ doingwhen“正在干(这时)突然”。如： They were reading when Tom shouted in pain We were having English when a mad man rushed in He was playing football when he had his legs broken 3)be about to do sth when“即将(这时)突然”如： I was about to go out when the telephone rang=I was on the point of going out when the telephone rang焦点10被动语态1短语动词变为被动语态时切不可丢掉“尾巴词”，即后面的介词或副词。如： The old man was often laughed at Time must be made good use of. The doctor has been sent for Bad habits have been done away with2get+过去分词可以表示被动，此结构表示主语参与的动作或表示意外的动作，get engaged，get married，get washed，get changed，get dressed，get drunk，get hurt，get wounded，get lost，get caught，get run over等。如： She got married last week The patient got treated once a week She got washed just now Ill get changed soon3主动形式表被动意义(1)表示状态的连系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove，