介词的释义和用法.doc

第1章 介词的释义和用法4aboard4about4above7according to9across9after10against13along14alongside15amid16among16apart from17apropos18Around18as19astride22at22athwart27atop28bar28barring28because of28before28behind30below31beneath33beside34between35Betwixt36beyond36but38by39concerning44cum45despite45down45due to46during47ere47ex48except49except for50excepting50following51for51from57granted61in addition to67including67inside68instead of68into69less70like70minus72near72nearby73next to73notwithstanding74of74off83on/upon85onto93opposite94out94out of95outside98over99owing to102past102pengding103per103plus104regarding105regardless of105respecting106round106round about108save108since109through110throughout112till112to113together with117towards117under117underneath119unlike120unto120up120upon121up to121via122with123within126without126GRAMMAR- 143 -第1章 介词的释义和用法aboard原来是指“上船”、“在船上”，后又延伸表示“上车”、“在车上”、“上飞机”、“在飞机上”等，例如：We are aboard the ship.He got aboard the train.She came aboard a plane.He went aboard a horse.NOTE:aboard也可用作副词，如下例所示：He came aboard of the ship.about表示“在各处”、“向各处”、“在周围”、“在附近”、“在身边”等空间位置；又引申表示“大约”、“即将”、“关于”、“从事于”等意思。A.“向各处”、“在各处” We wandered about the city on our first evening there.The children had left their toys lying about the room.The cowslips dotted about the field.NOTE:在英国，口语中常用about表示“向各处”、“在各处”。在美国口语中常用，around代替about表示这个意思，about只用于正式文体。B.“在周围” She has a gold chain about her neck.We could see the high wall about the prison.NOTE:about的这个意思只用于正式文体，一般口语中应说round或around。C.“在附近”The streets about the castle are full of places of historic interest.The bomb fell about here.NOTE:1.around常用来代替about表示这个意思，尤其是在美国英语里。2.about有时不指“在附近”，而含有“在里头”的意思（somewhere within a given place or area)。Mrs Jones does not appear to be about the house, so I presume she has gone out.D.“在身边”、“在身上”Do you happen to have his letter about you?There is a strange smell about him.NOTE:介词on,with等也可以表示“在身上”、“在身边”的意思。E.“大约”、“近于”、“左右”I shall be home somewhere about lunch-time.My watch has been gaining about ten minutes a day for some time.His house is about ten miles from London.He is about my statue.NOTE:1.介词about可以用于表示“时刻、数量、大小”等的“大约”数字或程度；表示“时刻”时，也可以说at about,但这里的about已转化为副词。 woke (at) about seven oclock.2.在其他情况下（不是表示“时刻”时），about之前的at是不能省略的（这里的about是副词）。They sold at about 3 a share.3.about之前可以根据表达的需要加用其他介词。He has been in the office for about an hour.Ill go for a fitting in about a weeks time.F.“正要”、“即将” They are about to be married (=They are going to be married).I feel that something terrible is about to happen.NOTE:“be aboutto do sth” 表示即将发生的行为，因此不需要再用表示将来时间的状语。其主语可以是有生命的，也可以是无生命的，但用“on / upon the point of doing sth”时，主语通常是有生命的。We were on the point of telephoning you when your telegram arrived.G.“关于”、“对于” I hadnt heard about that.Roger is rather fussy about food.Be careful about the pronunciation of quiet and quiteThe story is about giants.NOTE:1.在某些动词之后，有时可以用of代替 about表示“关于”的意思，例如speak of, tell of, dream of等。这些短语相当于speak about, tell about, dream about。但of通常用于比较正式的文体，因此平常比较少用。The soldier often dreams about / of home.2.有些及物动词与about /of连用时转化为不及物动词，行为的直接对象变成了间接对象，语义也随之发生变化。I dont know Mr Smith but I know about / of him.我不认识史密斯先生，但我听说过这个人。I read the book.我曾读过这本书。I read about / of the book.我曾读过关于这本书的介绍。3. 动词think后面接about或接of，意思不一样。试比较：Ive been thinking about (=considering) the question for a long time.这个问题我已经考虑很久了。Such a thing is not even to be thought of. (=to be brought to mind)这种事情不可思议。4.当about所构成的短语修饰名词时，about通常不能改用of或concerning。Have you any books about stamp-collecting?5. 在口语中，“What/How about ?”这类句子用于表示“提议”或“提问”。例如：What about going there now?How about (having) a drink?What/How about it? (=What shall we do? 或Tell me more precisely what you mean.)H.“就的特征而言” Its a funny thing about holidays; no matter how long a holiday we have, I always feel I want a few days more.NOTE:在口语中常说“He has something about him”，意思是”他很能干（很有个性）“（having energy, force of character, etc.），反之就“He has nothing about him.”I.“从事于” What are you about (=at)?I do not like to be interrupted when I am about an important piece of work.NOTE:1.set about与to about都含有“着手做”的意思。例如：I must set about my packing.He went about the job half-heartedly.2. see about 含有“处理”、“照料”的意思。例如：He promised to see about the matter.above原意是“在上面”，表示地理位置，后又引申表示（地位）“在之上”，（水平、数量、质量、价值等）“超过”，此外，还含有（因为太好，以致）“不可能”、（行为、意思）“不屑于”、“不至于”等意思。A.“在上面”（地理空间位置） The shelf should be six feet above the level of the floor.The castle towers above all the land.NOTE:1.above只表示一物处于比另一物更高的位置（meaning simply that one object is on a higher level than the other),不一定在正上方，它与below相对应。over则通常表示两个物体之间垂直的相对位置（tending to indicate a direct vertical relationship),与under相对应。over可以用来代替above，above却不能用来代替over。The falcon sailed above the clouds.A bird hovered over /above us.2.over与表示运动的记号连用时，有时含有“越过”的意思，相当于across，而above却没有这个意思，它只表示运动的位置是“在上面”。试比较：We flewover /across the Sahara.We flew above the clouds.3.on(upon)也表示“在上面”，但仅用于两个物体相互接触的情况下。如果两个物体没有接触，那就应该用over或above。试比较：In his room there is a clock over the fireplace.There is a cat on the roof.4.above有时还引申表示“在上游”的意思。The waterfall is above the bridge.B.“在之上”（位置）A navy-captain ranks above an army-captain.He is above me in rank.NOTE:above与over都可以表示地位、职位“高于”；below与under都可以表示地位、职位“低于”；但over与under还表示“统辖”、“支配”关系，above与below则只一般地说明地位、职位的高低。因此，表示“统辖”、“支配”时，只能用over或under。C.“越过”、“超出”（能力、水平） As a scholar, he is far above me.I must confess it is above my comprehension.D.“在之上”（数量） Above two hundred people attended the meeting.The temperature was only a few degrees above the freezing-point.NOTE:表示数量“在以上”时，above与over可以互相替用。Over / Above five hundred people were present at the ceremony.E.“胜于”、“重于”（质量、价值） Health is above wealth.We should value honour above life.F.“无可”、“不胜”（因为太好、太伟大而） The missing boys uncle was above suspicion.His behaviour is above praise.NOTE:这里的above经常可以与beyond互相替用。G.“不屑于”、“不至于”（行为、思想） William is above meanness (=He wouldnt ever be mean).All these men are honest and above bribery.NOTE:“not above”含有“不耻于”等意思。If we want to learn, we must not be above asking questions.He is not above telling a lie, if it will serve his purpose.H.注意下列词组的意思：）above all（首先，首要的是）Think about what I have told you; above all, dont breathe a word of it to Henry.）keep ones head above water （脱离困境，摆脱债务）Erowns business is not doing well; he is finding it difficult to keep his head above water.）get above oneself（自高自大）He got above himself.）to be above oneself（兴高采烈）He is above himself.）above sbs head（过于深奥使人不能理解）The lecture was above the heads of the audience.）over and above（除之外）He gets a number of perquisites, over and above his salary.）above board（光明正大）Theres nothing secret about what we are doing. Its all perfectly above board.according to是由副词according 与介词to 组成的复合介词，表示“根据”、“按照”等意思。A.“根据”、“按照” Do this problem according to the way you have been showed.Take one to three tablets, according to the severity of thepain.B.“据所说”、“如所示” According to the Bible, Adam was the first man.According to my watch it is half past two.NOTE:according to 用作介词；而according as 则用作连词，后接从句，意思是“根据而”、“按照而”。You may go or stay, according as you decide.People see things differently according as they are materialists or idealists.across含有“横过”、“在另一边”、“交叉”等意思，并上“横过”引申为“经过”（一段时间）、“遍及”（整个地区）。A.“横过”、“穿过” He went across the street to the bakers.He walked across the square.NOTE:1.along 与across 相对应，across表示“横过一条直线或一个平面的运动”；along则只表示“沿着一条直线的运动”。They walked not only along the paths but also across the grass.2.across表示“横过”时，可以与 over替用。They drove across /over the frontier.B.“在的另一边“ They bought those things across the river.Lincoln was carried unconscious to a house across the road from the theatre.NOTE:1.我们可以把across与from短语搭配使用，具体表明“出发点”或“观察点”。He lived across the street from my house.2.across表示“静止空间位置”时，意思是“在的另一边”；along表示“静止空间位置”时，含有“沿线”、“在的另一端”等意思。There is a hotel across the road.There are trees all along the river banks.C.“经过”（一整段时间），“遍及”（整个地区） I can remember, across the years.They travelled across the country.D.注意下列短语的意思：）come (run) across（遭遇，巧遇）They came across a tiger in the jungle.An idea came across my mind.）get across sb.（引起某人的不满或反对）Dr. James has got across several of his patients because of his brusque outspoken manner.）across the board（全体成员）It is an across-the-board pay rise.after基本意思是“在之后”，可以表示时间、顺序、位置等的先后，与before相对应。此外还表示“由于”、“尽管”、“仿照”、“依照”、“追踪”、“追赶”、“追求”、“关于”等意思。A. 表示时间,“在之后” A. After a sound sleep, he went for a swim.After a rain the air is much cleaner than at ordinary time.NOTE:1.表示时间“已过几点”或“几点过后”，在英国多用past，在美国则用after.Its half after / past two.Its after / past two oclock.2.after与具体的时间数字连用时，含有“在若干时间之后”的意思（at the end of a specified period），动词只能用过去时态。如：我们可以说“He came back after three years.”（他三年之后回来了。）而当表示“从说话时间起经过若干时间之后”时，则不用after，而用in。如：He would (will) come back in （不用after）three years.（他将于三年之后回来）。试比较：After a little time Mrs Priestley joined us again.He said he would come again in a few days.3.after也可以用作副词，与具体的时间数字连用。当表示“在若干时间之后”时，动词也只能用过去时态；如果副词after单独使用，动词的时态则不受限制，这时的after相当于later或later on。He fell ill on(upon) Monday and died three days after .(=after three days = three days later)We can do that after (= later = later on).4.副词later与具体的时间数字连用表示“经过若干时间以后”时，时间起点可以是过去或将来，但不能是现在。如我们只能说I shall see you in a week. 而不能说I shall see you a week later.I called on(upon) him on 25 July, and called again a week later.I shall call on him on 20 October, and shall call again a week later.B.表示顺序,“在之后”（behind in place of position); （名望、地位）“次于”、“亚于”（below in rank or excellence); “跟着”、“接着”（following, behind)They came to England after us (later than we did)Your name comes after mine in the list.Milton is usually placed after Shakespeare among English poets.we drove mile after mile through open moorland.NOTE:1.表示位置“在之后”时，用behind比用after更为普通。The sun was behind (hidden by) the clouds.The boy was hiding behind a tree.2.behind可以由表示位置的“在后面”引申为“落后”、“不如”等意思，而after则不能。同样地，当after表示时间、顺序“在之后”时，也不能代替behind。The train was behind time.The country is far behind its neighbours.C.“后果”、“结果”after还可以由上述的“在之后”、“经过以后”引申出某种“后果”、“结果”的意思。A）“鉴于”、“由于”、“因为”（as a consequence of, as a result of, because of)You must be feeling tired after that long walk.I dislike him after his treating us thus.B）“尽管但”（ in spite of)After all my advice, he still went his own way.After all my care in packing it, the clock arrived broken.NOTE:after all单独用作状语时，有两种解释：1.“不管怎么样”、“到底”、“毕竟”等（in spite of)He failed after all (in spite of all that had been done).After all it is not so hard as it looks.2.“切记”、牢记“（It must be remembered that)I know he hasnt finished the work, but after all he is a very busy man.Why shouldnt she eat the cake? After all she baked it.D.“仿照”、“模仿” These ships are built after the same model.The painting is after the great master.E.“依照”、“与相一致” It is a job after his own heart.(=of the kind he very much likes)The boy was named Samuel after his uncle.F.“追赶”、“追求”、“追踪” The boy raced after the butterfly.What are you after?They started after the enemy in hot haste.NOTE:1.在call, shout等动词之后接after时，含有“唤起某人注意”的意思（attempting to attract attention)。I shouted after him, but apparently he did not hear, for he still went on.2.在某些动词（如seek,search, yearn, long等）之后。可以接after，也可以接for，同样表示“寻求”的对象、目的（to show the aim or object of certain actions)，但for 比after普通。We searched after / for the lost kitten.He yearned after / for his son.3.look after与look for有语义上的差别，试比较：Will you look after my house while Im away?我不在的时候，请你照看一下我的家好吗？He went to Australia to look for gold.他到澳大利亚去寻找金子。G.“关于” Mrs Jackson asked after you and the children.He inquired after your health.against可以表示“朝着”、“逆”、“反抗、反对”、“违反”、“倚靠在上”、“撞在上”、“在对面”、“以为背景”、“与对比（对照）”、“预备”、“预防”等意思。中心意思是“对立”。A.“朝着”、“对着” Stop knocking the stick against the fence.The rain beats against the window-panes.B.“逆” It is hard to swim against the current.They sailed against the wind.NOTE:against表示方向的“对立”时，与with相对应。Sound waves go faster with the wind than against the wind.It is much easier to row with the current than against it.C.“反抗”、“反对” Is there a law against spitting in the streets in this country?NOTE:1.在对某人某事表示反对或赞成时，against与for相对应。这里for的意思是in favour of。Are you for or against the motion?2.在对处于冲突或竞争状态的双方中的一方表示反对或支持时，against与with相对应。这里的with的意思是on the same side of。Are you with us or against us?3.against在与fight连用、表示“跟”、“同”（竞争、对抗）时，可与with互相替用。试比较：Great Britain fought with / against Germany in two wars.Great Britain fought with (on the side of) France against Germany.4.against有时引申为“对不利”。Things have come out against us.D.“违反” Smoking is against the school rules.He did it against his will.E.“倚靠在” He rested his bicycle against the wall.He stood with his back against the door.NOTE:动词lean之后有时接against，有时接on(upon)。如果依靠在某一侧面上，通常用against，但也可以用on；如果是倚靠在某一平面上，则只能用on。He leaned the ladder against / on the wall.He leaned his elbows on the table.F.“与相碰或相撞” He hit his forehead against the kerb when he fell.As I groped my way through the darkness of the room, I knocked against a chair.G.“在对面” Against the laboratory stands a water tower.实验室对面有一座水塔。He lives over against the school.他住在学校对面。H.“以为背景”，“在的衬托下” The house looks very pretty against the white snow.The beautiful villa stood out against the slums surrounding it.I.“与对比”、“与对照” Four students have passed this years examination against three of last year.NOTE:as 可以与against连用，表示“对比”、“对照”。The business done this year amounts to 2,000 as against 1,500 last year.J.“防备”，“预防” She always had a room ready against the arrival of unexpected visitors.We must take precaution against fire.along可以表示“沿着一条直线在水平方向上的运动”，也可以表示“在沿着一条直线边上的地理位置”，有时还含有“在的另一端”的意思。A.“沿着”、“顺着” -处于作为along的宾语的“道路”、“河流”等之中（in the direction of the length of）A good walk by the sea or along the cliff every day would do you a world of good.Our boat made her way along the river.NOTE:1.along与“运动的动词连用，通常表示沿着一条直线在水平方向上的运动，与across相对应。2.up与down通常表示沿着垂直方向向上或向下的运动，但up与down也可以转用于水平方向的运动，这时，up与down实际上等于along。3.along可以跟here或there连用，表示朝着这个方向或那个方向(in this or that direction)。He is walking along here.It flew along there.-处于作为along的宾语的“河流”或“道路”的近旁。（in a line next to the length of）He lives along the street.Farmhouses were to be found here and there along the river.along可以表示“在沿着一条线的某些地方”，也可以表示“沿着整条线”（from one end to another of the length or of any part of the length）。但为了明确表示“沿着整条线”，along通常与副词all连用。There are trees all along the river banks.There were muddy foot marks all along the corridor.B.“在的另一端” There is a bank along the street.NOTE:表示在一条线的中部时，可以用half way along这样的结构。Half way along the street they stopped.alongside意思是along和beside两者的结合，含有“在旁边”，“与一起（并肩）”，“横靠”等意思，此外还引申为“与比较”的意思。A.“在旁边”、“与一起（并肩）”、“横靠”（side by side with）The dog ran alongside me all the way.Its a pleasure to work alongside such men.NOTE:alongside经常与of连用，但这时它成了副词。The dog trotted alongside of us.B.“与比较”（in comparison with） His works are second-rate productions, alongside those of some of his contemporaries.这里的along实际上是副词，with才是介词，但在许多情况下，along with结合得很紧密，起着一个复合介词的作用，意思是“与一道（一起）”、“连同”（in the company of, together with）。He went on the dangerous journey along with his two friends.Put this letter in the file, along with the others.NOTE:在口语中常说“Get / go along with you.”意思是“滚开”或“我不相信你的话”。这里的along是一个独立的副词，与动词get / go组成一个意群，不同于前面论述过的复合介词along with。amid也可以写成 amidst，意思是“在当中”、“在中” (in the middle of, among)。 He persevered amidst all these difficulties.The curtain fell amidst (= in the accompaniment of) the cheers of the audience.NOTE:1.amid(st)多见于文学用语。在英国口语中，amidst比amid常见，在美国口语中情况正好相反，即amid比amidst普通。2.amidst跟amongst一样，可以指“在某一数量不定的群体之中”(apply to an indefinite number of objects)。但amidst可以与物质名词或抽象名词连用，而amongst则只能与复数的名词或代词连用，试比较：Amidst / Amongst the flowers the rose is queen.They walked amid(st) the snow.among也可以写成amongst，为了声音的和谐或句子的韵律，有时用among，有时则用，在美国通常用。含有“在的包围中”、“在之中（之间）”等意思，并引申为“其中之一”、“在中间分配”、“通过的联合行动”等意思。A.“在的包围之中”、“在之中”、“在之间” My home is among the mountains of Switzerland.The mother is sitting among her children.NOTE:1.among(st)跟动词连用时，表示“从中间（穿过）”（through the midst of）。He passed among /through the crowd.2.当among(st )接具体物体时，有时可在among(st)之前加用in。I found the letter in amongst some papers that were on(upon) the table.3.from among(st)用来表示选择的“范围”。Choose a book from among these.B.“其中之一”、“包括在当中” Sir Winston Churchill can certainly be numbered among the great British Prime Ministers.This mountain is among the highest of the world.NOTE:1.among之后接最高级形容词时，意思是“的其中之一”；among(st)之前接最高级形容词时，意思是“其中之最”。试比较：Shelley is among (one of) the worlds greatest poets.What is the greatest among (of all) European powers?2.among others （或 among other things）的意思是“除以外还(也)” (in addition to others; along with others)。He among other things, talked about the excellent situation at home and abroad.C.“在中间（分配）” The sweets are to be shared among the five children.The prizes were distributed among ten winners.D.“通过的共同行动”，表示“合作”、“集体”的意思（cooperation or aggregation） Among them they collected over a hundred pounds.They have s