非谓语动词新编.docVIP

动词的语气一.概念与时态、语态一样，语气也是谓语动词的一种形式。语气表示说话者对所说内容的态度或看法等。动词的语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气。有些语法书认为有四种：陈述语气,祈使语气、疑问语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气：陈述事实，有肯定和否定之分。祈使语气：提出请求、命令、建议等。疑问语气：提出问题。虚拟语气：表示主观愿望、假想虚拟、建议等。本文主要讨论虚拟语气的相关知识。二.相关知识点精讲1. if 引导的虚拟条件句 辨别if 引导的真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句：条件是可能实现的叫真实条件句；条件不可能实现、纯属假设的叫虚拟条件句。If he has time, he will go with us.（ Probably he has time and will go with us.）If he had time, he would go with us.（But in fact he has no time.）If we leave now, we can catch the train.如果我们现在动身，还可能赶上火车。If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train.如果我们早点动身，就能赶上火车了。 if引导的虚拟条件句和主句的谓语动词构成形式：时间if条件句主句与过去的事实相反had + 过去分词wouldshouldcould + have + 过去分词might 与现在的事实相反动词过去式wouldshouldcould + 动词原形might与将来的事实相反1. 动词过去式2. should + 动词原形3. were to + 动词原形wouldshouldcould + 动词原形might If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. (过去)We could have gained a good harvest if we had had enough rain. (过去)If I had a car, I would lend it to you. (现在)If I were ten years younger,I would learn a second foreign language. (现在)If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? (将来)If I saw / should see / were to see him next week, I would tell you. (将来)If I should be free tomorrow,I would come to see you.2. 混合/错综虚拟语气 或 错综时间条件句有时主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间内，此时主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应根据各自所表示的实际时间来确定。1)If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.2)If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now. 3)If you worked hard now, you would become a college student.3. 含蓄虚拟语气有些假设的条件不是通过条件句表现出来的，而是隐含在某些介词短语 (如 without 若没有；but for 要不是) 或上下文里。But for your advice, I would have failed.Without your encouragement , I would not have succeeded. 若不是你的鼓励，我是不会成功的。With more money and time, we could have done it better. 要是资金和时间多一些的话，我们会做得更好。A true friend wouldnt have done such a cruel thing. 真正的朋友不会做出这种残忍的事。（上下文）有时也可通过分词短语、不定式短语、连词、副词或定语从句等暗示。Given more money and time ,we could have done it better. 分词短语To talk with him , you would know he is a kind man. 不定式短语To have studied harder, you would have passed the exam. 不定式短语I would have helped you but I was too busy then. 连词He cant be ill, or he wouldnt have come to the party. 连词Even a child would know the reason. 副词She wasnt feeling well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early. 副词He would be a foolish man who should accept the idea. 定语从句4.虚拟语气中的倒装句如果if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语动词中含有were, had, should，有时可将if省去，将虚拟条件从句的主语置于were, had, should 之后。Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.= If you had invited us, we we would have come to your party.Were I you, I would do more practice after class.= If I were you, I would do more practice after class.Should it rain tomorrow, what would you do?= If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?5.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜；.就好了； 悔不该； 但愿。”等。主句谓语从句谓语wish时态谓语动词的形式现在时表示与wish同时发生动词过去式过去时表示在wish之前发生的动作had+ 过去分词将来时表示在wish之后发生的动作would或might+ 动词原形I wish I knew the key to the answer.I wish I were ten years younger.I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.I wish that you had been here yesterday.He wishes that we would visit the old school.They wish they might go to college some day.7.表示“命令、建议或要求”等意思的动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, require,request, order, command,advise 其后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气： should + 动词原形。 should 不可用would 来替代; 此时should常可省略。The teacher suggested that we (should) work hard every day.She insisted that Mother (should) send her to dancing school.His parents advised that he (should) read English every morning.(= His parents advised him to read English every morning.)注意：suggest 表“建议; 命令”时，从句谓语用should + do. 表“ 说明； 暗示”时, 从句谓语用陈述语气。如，1) The doctor suggested that I (should) take the medicine three times a day. （建议）2) Her expression suggests that she is sleepy. （表明）8. 虚拟语气可用在表示“命令、要求、请求、建议、决定”等意思的名词suggestion, proposal, request, order, demand,idea 等后面的表语从句中，表语从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原型，should 可以省略。The teachers suggestion is that we (should) work hard every day.The doctors order was that I (should )take the medicine three times a day.9.虚拟语气可用在表示“命令、要求、请求、建议、决定”等意思的名词suggestion, proposal, request, order, demand,idea 等后面的同位语从句中。同位语从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原型，should 可以省略。The teacher gave us a suggestion that we (should) work hard every day.What do you think of the idea that I (should ) take the medicine three times a day?The advice that we (should) read English every morning is useful.10. 虚拟语气可用在“ Its natural/ necessary/ strange/ important/ + that 或Its insisted/ suggested/ ordered/ demanded/ + that ”结构中。此时that 引导主语从句，从句中的谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 ，should 可省略。Its necessary that you (should) attend the meeting.It was suggested that the medicine (should) be taken three times a day.It is advised that a study plan (should) be drawn up. 有人/人们建议应制定一份学习计划。11. 虚拟语气可用在in case, lest, for fear that (以免，以防) 等引起的状语从句中；状语从句的谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 ， should 可省略。He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.He took his umbrella with him for fear that it should/ would/ might rainI shall ring you up lest you ( should) forget to come to FuKang training centre.12. 虚拟语气可用在 as if ,as though 等引导的状语从句或表语从句中,此时从句所表达的内容一般与事实相反或发生的可能性不大。一般而言，当从句谓语所表示的动作或状态与主句同时，从句谓语用过去式；先于主句，则用过去完成时。She looks after her as if she were her own daughter. The lady speaks as if she were a little girl.They are talking as if they had been old friends.He talked about Paris as though he had been there himself.He talks as if he had done all the work himself.He looks as if he had just met a ghost. （表语从句）注意：当从句所表达的内容有较大的真实性或很可能发生时，可用陈述语气。如：It looks as if it is going to rain. 看来要下雨了。13. 虚拟语气可用在 would/had rather 后的从句中。一般来说，用一般过去时表示现在或将来的情况；用过去完成时表示过去的情况。Id rather you came tomorrow.Id rather I had seen the movie.三.巩固练习1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier.A. will be B. would have beenC. could have been D. would be2. If I _ you, Id join the army.A. amB. wasC. wereD. would be3. If he _ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.A. comesB. will comeC. should comeD. come4. If it _ next week , the crops would be saved.A. rainsB. will rainsC. would rainD. should rain5. If I _ it, I would do it in a different way.A. were to doB. doC. had doneD. was to do6. Supposing the weather _ bad, where would you go ?A. isB. will beC. wereD. be7. If he had worked harder, he _.A. would succeedB. had succeededC. should succeedD. would have succeeded8. If he _, he _ that food.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken9. If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going.A. had been; would have preventedB. had been; would preventC. were; would preventD. were; would have prevented10. If he _ it, he _ it.A. had seen; could have believedB. saw; couldnt believeC. saw; couldnt have believedD. has seen; had believed11. Do you