2010年GCT英语基础班考前辅导语法8学时stu.doc

2010年GCT英语基础班考前辅导语法张丽艳一、 大纲中语法要部分需要掌握的内容：GCT 7年语法考点汇总语法点02年03年04年05年06年07年08年09年从句Whoever的用法Whoever(=no matter who)非限制性定语从句，且从句为被动语态；Wherever 引导地点状语从句suchWhere 地点状语从句；Of whomever从句中的特殊关系词All that与what 之间的用法区别 强调句 倒装句Never位于句首，主句半倒装 虚拟语气1.Suggest的非虚拟用法；2.对过去的虚拟。主句有时间词的虚拟与其构成条件句为过去式，考查主句构成（would+do）but for引导虚拟语气Should+ have+done 意为：本应该（而没有）语态被动语态（从句中）Need +doing sth 表被动被动语态（08题）插入语作干扰（第10题） 时态一般过去时主句中包含特殊含义的单词recall,从句用过去时一般现在时(自然规律)现在进行时(时间词now作为标志)主句为过去时，宾语从句中的时态为过去完成时。（08题）插入语作干扰（第10题）现在完成时代（since+时间点）（for+时间段）主谓一致插入语作干扰（第10题） 非谓语动词1.过去分词作后置定语；2.过去分词表原因Being done；(being) convinced特殊词 watch sb do/doing特殊词 need doing 表被动特殊词 without doing不定式（To do ）作目的状语形容词副词比较级more 与never的搭配使用倍数表达：倍数（Twice）+the+单位名词（price）Much的用法倍数表达 Times as many/much as 中many 和much的选择（看所修饰的名词是否为可数名词）特殊用法Suggest 不表示“建议”时的用法Be worth=cost1.It is a pity for there to be any 2.Over 与above的区别；(the harbor)Have no alternative( choice) but to do;would rather do; would rather not doHad better do sth；Had better not do sth词一、 动词动词的基本分类基本助动词： have； do； be（1）助动词 情态助动词 will would ;may might; can could; must; need; shall should; ought to; dare 注意：特殊情态动词：would rather, would sooner; would (just) as soon; had better, had sooner; can not but; may (just) as well. 情态动词在虚拟语气中的含义及其用法。（2）实意动词u 及物动词：transitive verb可以直接跟宾语，且必须有宾语。We reached the railway station at noon.I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.Our suggestion will be considered by the committee.u 不及物动词：intransitive verb有宾语，需搭桥。We arrived at the railway station at noon.Listen to me.无宾语，亦可以。Birds fly. The sun rises.动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法（参看考前辅导教程 P88）；一般现在时（主谓一致）：现在进行时：现在完成时：一般将来时：将来进行时；将来完成时一般过去时：过去进行时；过去完成时：注意：现在进行时表示将来： 一般现在时表示将来：主动语态：被动语态：Be cancelled非谓语动词的构成及其用法(考前辅导教程P74)形式：To do (to have done; to be done; to be doing; to have been doing)Doing (having done; being done; having been doing)Done 功能：非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词之间的对比：1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.He avoided being punished by his parents.We have written the composition.Having written the composition, we handed it in.（4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.The boss ordered them to start the work.We are League members.We being League member, the work was well done. 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 (5)英语中非谓语动词不能单独做句子的谓语。动名词(doing)：充当名词、代词的作用，作句子的主语、宾语、表语，经常性的，概念性的分词 ：充当形容词、副词的作用，作句子的定语、状语现在分词(doing)为正在进行或主动的含义 boiling water, a developing country过去分词(done)已经完成或被动的含义 boiled water, a developed country 不定式：充当名词、代词、形容词、副词的作用，做除谓语之外的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。往往有一次性的，将要做的之意。u 分词（包括主被动形式）用作定语、状语、独立结构、构成谓语，与with构成短语等。1） When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult _.a. to make myself understood b. to make others understand myselfc. to make myself understand d. making others understand myself2）There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly _. a. make the audience hear b. make the audience hearing him c. make himself hear d. make himself heard3）The robber was brought to the judge, _.a. his hands were fast tied b. his hands to be fast tiedc. his hands having been fast tied d. his hands fast tied4）Other considerations equal, the pressure remains constant.A. being B. be C. will be D. is5） , we decided to leave at once ,as we didnt want to risk missing the last bus.A. It was pretty late B. It being pretty late C. As it being pretty late D. It was pretty lateu 不定式（包括主被动形式）主要用作定语、状语、主语、表语、与wh-连用，等。1）Henry Fords introduction of the assembly line vastly reduced the time it took _.A. to make a car B. making a car C. for making a car D. while making a car2）When you were talking to the policeman, I saw a teenager _.A. getting on your car and driving off B. got on your car and drive offC. getting on your car and drive off D. get on your car and drive off3动名词（包括被动形式），主要用作主语、宾语以及某些动词及某些句型固定要求等。The suspect at last admitted _stolen goods but denied _them.A. to receive to sell B. receivingsellingC. to receiving to selling D. to have received to have sold2007-01Some persons _fishing simply for fun. AmakeB feel C seekD enjoy2006-06 Radios today seldom need _ or the attention of a technician. Ato repair B repaired C repairing D to have repaired2005-04 Susan will come to watch him _ at Wimbledon this week. Aplayed B play C to play D playing2007-10 Without the suns light _the earths surface, no life could exist on the earth. AwarmsB warmed C warmingD to warm动词不定式和动名词作主语比较 动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如： _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old AThe walk BWalking CTo walk DWalk 动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较 （1）不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。 His job is building houses Our task now is to increase food production （2）动词不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的内容，现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。 The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers The most important thing is to put theory into practice The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_ it more difficult Anot make Bnot to make Cnot making Ddo not make 动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。 We agreed _ here，but so far she hasnt turned up yetAhaving met Bmeeting Cto meet Dto have met （2）有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape， excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny等。 The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_ Acatching Bto be caught Cbeing caught Dto catch I would appreciate_ back this afternoonAyou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling （3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如：love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue等。 I intend to finishfinishing the task this morning （4）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember， mean，regret，stop，try等。 The light in the office is still on Oh，I forgot _ Aturning it off Bturn it off Cto turn it off Dhaving turned it off You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well，now I regret _ thatAto do Bto be doing Cto have done Dhaving done 4、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid等。 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation Ato eat not Beating not Cnot to eat Dnot eating （2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程；现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分，且表主动意义；过去分词指已经完成的动作，且表被动意义。 Paul doesnt have to be made He always works hard Alearn Bto learn Clearned DlearningThe manager discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out5不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较 （1）不定式作定语表示“将要”，现在分词表示“正在”或主动，过去分词表示“已经”。 The Olympic Games， in 776 BC，did not include women players until1912Afirst playing Bto be first played Cfirst played Dto be first playingWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door “Sorry to miss you； will call later”Aread Breads Cto read Dreading（2）动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。 a swimming pool动名词作定语，a swimming fish现在分词作定语。 6动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。 _late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm ATo sleep BSleeping CSleep DHaving slept _such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river AHaving suffered BSuffering CTo suffer DSuffered _more attention，the trees could have grown better（MET 1990） AGiven BTo give CGiving DHaving given【典型题目练习】1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating6I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going7_ a reply, he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented9Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited10The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tired D. tied 二、形容词、副词；形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；1.“as+adj/adv+as或not so(as)+adj/adv+as.”句型。该句型常用来描述两个比较对象的程度上的相似或不同(即平时说的“等级比较和不等级比较”)。例如：My computer is not so(as) expensive as yours.我的电脑不如你的贵重。2.“as many/few+可数名词复数+as”或“as much/little(少的)+不可数名词+as”。前者描述数目上的接近，后者描述量的相近。例如：You may borrow as many books as you can.你能借多少书就借多少。“Drink as much water as you can.”the doctor said to him.医生对他说到：“你要尽可能的多喝些水。”3.“主语+比较级+than any other”结构表示：主语所描述的事物比其他任何一个都比较级形式表示最高级含义。例如：Li Ming is much cleverer than any other student in their class.李明是他们班中最聪明的学生。注意：若比较范围不同，than后应用“any+可数名词的复数形式+其他”。例如：China is larger that any countries in Africa.中国比非洲上的任何国家都大。4. 诸如not, never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高级含义。意为：再没有比更的了。例如：It is not a better idea.这是再好不过的一个办法了。I have never heard such an interesting story.我从来没有听过比这更有趣的故事了。5.“形容词+to”结构也可表示比较含义。例如：This kind of car is superior in quality to that.这种汽车的质量比那一种好得多(superior to意为：优于；胜过。)Li ping is three years senior to Liu Gang.李平比刘刚大三岁。(senior to意为：年长于；资格老于；地位高于。)6.“no+比较级+than”结构表示对两个比较对象都进行否定(可由neithernor结构来改写)。例如：Im no more foolish than you.我们俩都不傻。(相当于Neither I nor you are foolish.)7.“not more+比较级+than”结构表示在程度上前者不如后者。例如：This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(相当于The book is less interesting than that one.)8.“形容词比较级+than+形容词”，意为：与其倒不如。例如：Jack is much harder than clever.与其说杰克聪明，倒不如说他学习用功。9.would ratherthan, preferto, prefer to dorather than这三个句型表示“宁愿而不愿；喜欢胜过；宁愿做而不愿做”含义。虽无比较级形式，但表示比较级含义。例如：She would rather die than give in.她宁死不屈。He preferred to go out rather than stay home.他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里。10.“The+比较级，the+比较级”。该结构意为“越，越”。例如：The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。11.what有时也可以表示“比较”关系，说明两种事物的相同或相似性。what的该种用法常用于书面语，用来加强修辞效果，含有比喻含义，相当于as，意为“好比；正如；就像一样”。what的该类用法共有3种情况：(1) A is to B what C is to DTwelve is to two what twenty-four is to four.十二比二就等于二十四比四。(2) what C is to D, A is to BWhat food is to the body, a book is to the mind.书籍对于思想犹如食物对于身体。(3) what C is to D, that A is to BWhat the gun is to a soldier, that the pen is to a writer.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。【典型题目练习】1.How beautiful she sings! I have never heard_.A.the better voice B. a good voice C. the better voice D. a better voice2.-Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you?-I couldnt agree _.The idea is great to me.A.much B. more C. worse D. at all3.The_you study, the _youll be in it.A.hard; interested B. harder; interesting C. harder; more interested D. hardest; more interested4.As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you lean,_A. the more for life are you equippedB.the more equipped for life you areC.the more life you are equipped forD.you are equipped the more for life5.The patient isnt out of danger. He is _ than he was yesterday.A.no better B. worst C. not worse D. not more6.Liu Fang studies much better than _ student in his class.A.any B. any other C. the other D. other7.This year the farmers have produced twice _ grain_ they did last year.A.As less; as B. fewer; than C. as much; as D. as many; as8.In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the farther we go, _.A.our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be betterC. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be9.-Are you satisfied with his answer?-Not at all. It couldnt have been_.A.Any better B. worse C. as good D. bad10. Is the novel similar _ yours?A.for B. at C. as D. to11. Rather than _ to see the film he would prefer _ stay at home.A.go; to B. to go C. went; to D. would go12.-What was his performance like?-Oh, it couldnt have been_.A.much wonderful B. more wonderful C. less wonderful D. the most wonderful13. John plays football_, if not better than David.A.as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as14. Reading is _ him is _ water to his life.A.for; what B. as; like C. to; what D. at; as15. This room is _ much larger than that one. A.no B. not a C. no a D. as倍数表达法：用英语表达“A 是 B 的 N 倍长（宽，高，大，重等）”，“A 比 B 长（宽，高，大，重等）N 倍” 或“A 的长度（宽度，高度，大小，重量等）是 B 的 N 倍”，可用下列几种句型。 1.“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。 This tree is three times as tall as that one. His father is twice as old as he. 2.“A + be + 倍数 + 计量形容词比较级 + than + B ” The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 3.“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ” The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 4.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ” The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. 5.其它Im twice/ double his age. 我的年龄是他的两倍。 Ive paid five times the usual price for the stamp. The average income of the staff has been increased by 50 percent compared with last year. The price of TVs is twofold（ adj. 两部分的， 双重的） down over these years. 三、连接词、冠词(略)常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；四、名词、代词；名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法；u 可数、不可数名词表示数量的方法u 数字的使用（用作名词；用作形容词）three-fifthsu 一致关系（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every , more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的