2013陕西高考英语阅读理解解题技巧.doc

主讲教师：田敏陕西省2013年高考英语阅读专题2013高考英语阅读思维重现法则无线索 1、题干无线索的推理 2、判断题题干 答案 选项 主旨靠 定位 有线索精确线索 模糊线索 用不同的词、不同的结构表达但和原文一样的内容 （数字、大写、专名、显性逻辑关系） 1全文反复重复的内容 2题干与原文貌离神合题干定位原则 与主旨靠 3使用原文的近义结构1数字、大写、专名 原文找意思一样的内容 主- -被 人-物2逻辑关系 因 果 选项定位 真-虚 陈述-倒装手段 目的 4使用原文、原词、原结构条件 事实 5使用原文的反说3成分定位 6使用原文的上义词、下义词、同一范畴词4主旨靠 7使用原文的总结归纳5找意思一致内容 8使用原文的分说例证大忌：（只定位个别词、忽视题干、逻辑、成分） 解题技巧与方法指导概述陕西省高考阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则：1. 文章一般为5篇（含信息匹配题），阅读量在2500单词左右；2. 题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；3. 体裁多样，包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。因此，学会分析体裁的能力对我们做好阅读理解来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次，所以我们可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁：l 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。l 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。 l 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。 l 论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。 文章的结构往往很容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 常见问题1. 关于文章主旨和大意的问题此类考题主要针对段落(或短文)的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，一般提问方式如下：1) Which is the best title of the passage?2) Which of the following is this passage about?3) What is the main topic of the passage？4) The subject discussed in this text is _5) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？6) The passage tells us that_. 7) The passage is meant to .8) This passage mainly talks about_. 9) The passage is mostly about _10) The passage is mainly concerned about _11) The general/main idea of the passage is about _12) The purpose of this article is to 13) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_.14) In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 15) The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 2. 关于文章事实和细节的问题此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：1) Which of the following is right? 2) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?3) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?4) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?5) Which of the following is not mentioned? 6) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?7) The author mentions all of the following except . . .8) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.9) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?10) Choose the right order of this passage.11) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .12) The reason for . . .is . . .13) From this passage we know that _.14) In the passage, the author states that _.3. 猜测词义的问题此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means _.2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？4）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _5) The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _4. 关于对全篇逻辑关系的理解、对文章各段、各句间逻辑关系的理解的问题此类考题主要考查句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，一般提问方式如下：1) Many visitors come to the writers city to _.2) Some shops can be built Dongfeng Square so that they may _.3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?5. 关于推理和判断的问题此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.2) We can infer from the text that _. 3) It can be inferred from the text that _.4) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs.5) From the story we can guess _. 6) From the text we know that _.7) What would be happy if ?8) The story implies that _.9) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.10) The writers attitude toward.is _.11) The author implied（suggested）that 12) It may be concluded from the passage that 13) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 14) With which of the following does the author agree？ 6. 关于作者意图、观点或态度的问题此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：1) How did the writer feel ? 2) The author seems to think that _.3) The writer writes this text to _. 4) The writer believes that _.5) The writer suggests that _. 6) The author wants to appeal to _ .7) The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 8) The authors style is _ . 9) The authors tone would be best described as _ .10) What is the authors opinion of _?11) What is the authors main purpose in the passage?12) In the authors opinion_? 题目类型A类题：可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目A类题为拿分题丢分原因：1）凭印象做题，准确率低。2）时间把握最容易出问题：忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案，一篇文章往往要读好几遍。A类题解题技巧：看清题目所问的内容之后，要在原文中划出原句，并标上题号。这样做的目的：1）做到万无一失，保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。2）减少阅读文章的次数，争取宝贵的时间。B 类题：不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题，往往是出题人用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。B类题包括：文章主题和中心大意等，一般都是主旨题。B类题解题技巧：1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。所以，当看到第一答案是正确的时候，也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况，往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候，也可以这样说：你的答案没错，但是另一个答案更好，更全面。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的不知道的；不知道的不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（True or False）：Everyone likes the music. 该句子应该是错误的。4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。阅读理解解题步骤1、第一步：先读题2、第二步：读文章3、第三步：解题实战阅读方法1 巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：主题句在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍，其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式，即先总述，后分述的叙事方法。 例文1： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.例文2：People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 主题句在段末或篇末主题句也会出现在段尾，即作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论 - 段落的主题。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。因此，在阅读这种文章时，要注意表述细节的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。 例文1：If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.例文2：Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 主题句在段落中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.例文：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。例文：Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didnt want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.找出主题句后，再依据主题句定短文的中心 任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句（等困难信号）所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。例如：例题：My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasnt wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air. On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didnt know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area. We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what wed done. This passage mainly talks about _. A. the writers friends at the Activity Center B. the writers experience at the Activity Center C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center D. how to go rock-climbing and caving 在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。1) 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2) 文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。例文：If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech Information Age demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good communication skills. There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点) of the kind of high speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in. Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as very important by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don t regret their choice of study. 3).文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole, in short, in a word, in brief, to sum up, to conclude therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above, I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法后，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。 1) 以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2) 过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 3) 把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。 2 掌握具体事实和重要细节：做细节事实题的方法在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，排除干扰项，找出正确答案。2.1).是非题出题形式：a.三正一误： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正： Which of the following is true? 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系： Which of the following is mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。 2.2) 例证题对举例的考查为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。 2.3）年代与数字：这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。2.4）比较：比较考点的表现形式主要有：a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构； b.表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的词汇：only, unique等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。2.5）原因：这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：result, reason;result in(结果)，result from(由于， baseon(以为基础)，be due to (由于)；because, for, why;as a result, consequently等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。 Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat Hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。 3做推理判断题的方法所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。因此，解推断题时应注意：l 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点，要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理；l 推理的根据来自于上下文；l 如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案；l 如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案；l 如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案；l 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词（should, must, may, etc.）往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案；l 注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气；l 某些过渡词（例如：however, but, on the contrary, whats more）后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。当然，解推断题的方法有多种，但最主要的就是根据词义关系推断具体细节。通常，高考英语试题中的推断题主要有以下几种：1事实推断这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。例如：例题：Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?A. You often play football with your friends after school.B. Your teacher has got a cold.C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught.D. The bike in front of your house is lost.2指代推断确定代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。 文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it, this 和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。 例题：In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers（探险者）landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the moon people they met. In turn, the moon people expressed their surprise. Why, they asked, are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space？ H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing