形容词与副词正稿.doc

形容词与副词一、形容词、副词的作用作用例示形容词作定语a powerful country作表语：常与系动词be，get，grow，become， feel，appear，seem，prove，keep , look，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain等连用。Our classroom is cleanThe weather is getting cooler and coolerThe fish tastes good作宾补The news made everyone happy.与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中作主语、宾语。The rich and the poor live very different lives作状语：表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。He went to bed，cold and hungry.She stared into the distance, speechless for a moment副词作状语：通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。Im very busy at the momentLuckily，the boy was not injured作表语(在be动词后)One of the tyres is down作定语（后置）The population here is getting smaller and smaller例 句China is a great country(定语)Dont feel bad. Everything will be a11 right(表语)She went home，tired and hungry(伴随状语) Theyleftthedooropen.(宾补)Mary was left alone here(主补)He runs very fast，(状语)I speak English as fluently as you do(状语) Nobody was off then(表语)On my way home I met her.(定语)The people here are very friendly to me(定语)二、形容词、副词的位置形容词用来修饰名词，位于名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记。用法说明例示形容词(1)单个形容词作前置定语。a beautiful park(2)以a-开头的形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作后置定语。但它带有副词来修饰时，可以用作前置定语。a man afraid(害怕的人) the greatest man alive；the only child awakea fast asleep boythe wide awake soldiers(3)下列形容词作定语修饰名词时要后置：proper(本身)， present(在场的，出席的)，involved(有关的)，concerned(相 关的)，left(剩下的)，objecting(反对的)，mentioned(提及 的)，selected(当选的)等。The students present(出席的学生)The cost involved(所需费用)形容词(4)用作定语，修饰something anything， everything, nothing等不定代词，通常后置。I have something important to tell you(5)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语(the，a) 描绘性形容词(beautiful)size(大小)shape(形状)age(年龄、时间)color(颜色)origin(国籍、来源)material(材料) purpose(目的)名词。可用一句顺口溜来概括： all等冠代数前置,描大形新颜国材+名词.the first beautiful little arch white Chinese wooden bridge第一座美丽的中国小白木拱桥(6)形容词短语作定语时，一般要放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。Students brave enough to take thisadventure course.Students busy preparing for the final exams .副词(1)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式一地点一时间。时间由小到大排列。The meeting will be held in the hall at 4 oclock tomorrow afternoon.(2)频度副词(always，often，usually，never，seldom，hardly， sometimes等)要放在实义动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。但在简略回答及感叹句中位于be动词前。Children often go to the park with their parents on Sundays.He is always ready to help othersI will never forget that dayHow hard working he always is!地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末。I remember seeing you somewhereI went to the airport to meet my uncle yesterdayEverything went smoothly修饰全句的副词多置于句首。Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by t he PLA menHappily for her，her stepmother was kind to her形容词和副词词形相同。fast, straight, early某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, silly, orderly, deadly.三、复合形容词的构成(1)形容词名词edkind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的(2)形容词十形容词red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的(3)形容词现在分词good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的(4)副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的(5)副词过去分词hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的(6)名词形容词life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的(7)名词现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的(8)名词过去分词snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的(9)数词名词edfour-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的(10)数词名词(名词用单数)ten-year 10年的，two-man两人的四、几组兼有两种形式的副词close/closelyclose意思是“近”He is sitting close tomeclosely意思是“仔细地”Watch him closely1ate/latelylate意思是“晚”You have come too late1ately意思是“最近”What have you been doing lately?deep/deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度He pushed the stick deep into the mudHe often works deep into the nightdeeply意思是“深深地”，表示感情上的深度Even Father was deeply moved by the filmhigh/highlyhigh表示空间高度The plane was flying highhighly表示程度，相当于muchI think high1y of your opinionwide/widelywide表示空间宽度He opened the door widewidely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”English is widely used in the worldfree/freelyfree的意思是“免费”You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you likefreely的意思是“无限制地”You may speak freely；say what you like，五、注意：sothat与suchthatsothat和suchthat都作“如此以致”解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：so+形容词that从句so +副词that从句sucha/an(形容词)+单数可数名词that从句such（形容词）复数可数名词that从句such(形容词)不可数名词that从句suchthat和sothat有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词前还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：Such aan形容词名词=so形容词a/an名词。例：He is such a good student that we all 1ike him；He is so good a student that we all 1ike him 但是如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such而不能用so修饰如It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all overMr White got so 1ittle money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together但little不表示数量而表赤“小”的意思时，仍用such。如：They are such 1ittle children that they cannot clean the house by themselves 六、形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。1原级的构成和用法1)构成：形容词，副词的原级形式是形容词，副词的原形。2)用法：表示双方在程度，性质，特征等某方面相等时，用“as原级形容词或副词as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)原级形容词或副词as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数as原级形容词或副词as”的结构。 =倍数+形容词比较级+than +.例如：Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao LiuThis building looks not so(as)high as that oneMr Sun speaks English as fluently as youThis room is three times as 1arge as that one2比较级和最高级的构成和用法1)比较级和最高级的构成单音节形容词以及少数以-er，-ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”，“est”例如：great greater greatestnarrow narrower narrowestfast faster fastestclever cleverer cleverest以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词后以及少数以-ble，-ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后，加“r”，“st”.例如： 1arge 1arger 1argestable abler ablestsimple simplex simplest以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词，其前的元音字母发短元音时，该辅音字母要双写，然后加“er”“est”。例如：hot， hotter hottest 以辅音和y结尾的形客词和少数不是形容词加1y构成的词，要将y改为i，再加“er”,“est”。例如：easy easier easiestearly earlier earliesthappy happier happiest一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more或most，例如：beautifu1 more beautiful most beautifulcarefully morecarefu11y most carefu1ly少数单音节形容词也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。例如：tired more tired most tired pleased more pleased mostpleased下列形容词，副词的比较级和最高级可有两种构成方法。cruel crueler cruelest more cruel most crueloften oftener oftenest more often most often strict stricter strictestmore strict most strictfriendly friendlier friendliestmore friendly most friendly 下列形容词，副词的比较级和最高级的构成不规则。原 级比较级最高级good，wellbetterbestbad，i11，badlyworse worstmany，muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther；furtherfarthest；furthestoldolder；elderoldest；eldest 2)比较级的用法双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级the”的结构表示。例如：This pen is better than that one表示一方不及另一方时，用“1ess原级than”的结构表示。例如：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可以比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even，a lot，a bit，a litt1e,still,much，far, yet，by far等修饰.例如：He works even harder，than before.如：She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了.Please come earlier tomorrow请明天早点来。注意，by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面争如放在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：He is taller by far than his brotherHe is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方，随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the比较级(主语+谓语)the比较级(主语谓语)”的结构。例如：The harder he works，the happier he feels不与其它事物相比，表示本身程度的敌变时，用“比较级and比较级”的结构。例如：The weather is getting colder and colderThe girl becomes more and more beautiful.某些以-or结尾的形容词进秤比较时，用to代替than(这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等).例如：He is superior to Mr Wang in Mathematics在比较从句中为了避句重复，我们通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one只能代替可数名词。例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the deskA box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型。(A)A is three (four，etc) times the size(height，1ength，width，etc) of B.例如：The new building is four times the size(the height) of the old one这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍高三倍)(B)A is three(four, etc) times as big (high，1ong，wide, etc. ) as B例如: Asia is four times as 1arge as Europe。亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍。)(C)A is，three (four，etc)times bigger(higher，1onger wider, etc)than B例如Your school is three times bigger than ours你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。(你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大)。 用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍可以用twice或double3)最高级的用法三者或三者以上的相比。表示最高程度时，用the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。例如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the threeHe works(the) hardest in his class最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really nothing 1ike等词语所修饰。例如:This hat is by/far/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggestHow much did the second most expensive hat coat?表示”最高程度”的形容词。如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。 形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词或代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the tallest(boy) in his c1ass作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。例如，Of all the boys he came (the) earliest七、形容词与副词比较等级前使用冠词的情况用法例示比较级在of the two结构中，比较级前要加the，但如果不在of the two结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。Which is larger，Canada Of Australia?Which is the larger country，Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sistersShe is the taller of the two sistersnevernota比较级十名词Your story is perfect；Ive never heard a better one before“the比较级(主语十谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”的结构中(意为“越越”)The harder you work，the greater progress youll make最高级形容词最高级前必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。The shortest boy runs fastest in the 100-meter race形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。n is a most important problem(most=very)The film is most interesting(most=very)在形容词最高级前有物主代词或名词的所有格时，不用the。Taiwan is Chinas largest islandHe is my best friend八、形容词的比较级和最高级的构成法单音节和少数一些双音节的形容词，要加词尾-er构成其比较级，加词尾-est构成其最高级；多数双音节和多音节的形容词比较级和最高级分别在原级前加more，most。一般情况加-er，-estsmallsmallersmallest；talltallertallest以-e结尾加-r， -stlargelargerlargest；nicenicer-nicest以“辅音字母y”结尾改y为i，再加-er，-esteasyeasiereasiest；dirtydirtierdirtiest重读闭音节且以一个辅音字母表示一个辅音双写该辅音字母后再加-er，-estfatfatter-fattest；thinthinner-thinnest以-ow，-er为结尾加-er，-estnarrownarrowernarrowest；clevercleverercleverest以-1e为结尾加-r，-stsimplesimplersimplest其他结尾加-er，-estcommoncommonercommonest；quietquieterquietest在形容词原级前加more，mostbeautifulmore beautiful-most beautiful；importantmore importantmost important九、副词的比较级和最高级的构成法构成法例 词大多数副词在原级之前加more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。 warmlymore warmlymost warmly； quicklymore quicklymost quickly少数单音节的副词，加-er和-est构成其比较级和最高级。slowslowerslowest；fastfasterfastest；earlyearlierearliest十、副词enough 的用法1.enough 作副词用来修饰形容词、副词时要放在所修饰词的后面. 例如: He knows the situation well enough. He was foolish enough to accept her offer. 注意:主语+谓语+形容词+enough+(for sb.) +to do sth. This house is big enough for three of us to live in . You are old enough to decide by yourself.2.can not (can never)+do +enough =can not (can never )too再也不为过.越.越 I can not thank you enough .我对你感激不尽. You can never be careful enough.=You can not be too careful.3.enough作形容词常位于名词前或后面均可. I dont have wine enough /enough wine for 5 persons.十一、比较级的特殊用法1.运用比较级表达最高级的概念时,常用:否定词(nevernot)+ a比较级十名词e.g I have never seen a better film this one .=This is the best film I have ever seen. 但是: A + no +比较级+than +B表示:A同B一样不 A + not +比较级+than +B表示:A不如B或以下结构: 比较级+thanany other+单数可数名词 比较级+than all( the )other +复数可数名词比较级+than any of the other +复数可数名词比较级+than the rest of +复数可数名词/不可数名词比较级+than anyone else2. the+比较级, the+比较级 表示:越.越3. 比较级+and+比较级 表示:越.越4. more than 的含义:1) more than+名词 不仅仅是,不只是,=not only Bamboo can be used for more than building.2) more than+数词 多于,大于,超过,=over3) more than+形容词/分词 非常,十分,=very He is more than happy .4) more than+含有情态动词的句子.表示:超过.所能5) mor