时态与语态讲解.doc

语法专题动词的时态和语态2012.10每年高考的单选题测试时态和语态的题目所占的比重较大，它们都不同程度地测试了时态和被动语态的基本问题。因此，应牢记各种时态的构成以及各种时态所反映出的被动语态的构成。时态通过be/do表现出来，被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。要特别注意在非谓语动词中考查被动语态的情况以及时态和语态的综合考查。(一)动词时态与用法1一般现在时一般现在时是不受时间限制的客观存在，指经常发生的动作或存在的状态。具体表示：(1)表示现状、性质、状态；表示经常或习惯性的动作，且常与表示频率的时间状语连用，(2)表示客观事实或普遍现象，如： (3)用于条件、时间等状语从句中，例如由if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once引导的条件从句，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，如：If it rains tomorrow, well put off the basketball match.The moment he comes, Ill tell him about it.After I get dressed, I have breakfast.(4)少数动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, begin等有时也用一般现在时代替一般将来时。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，如：School begins on September 1.The plane for Beijing takes off at 9：30 am.(5)当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，用一般现在时表示将来时，如：Her birthday is in two weeks time.Its Sunday tomorrow, you know.在here和there引导的句子中，用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：Look, here comes your boyfriend.2一般将来时一般将来时表示单纯的将来事实。(1)表示即将要发生的动作或状态。(2)表示一种倾向与习惯动作，如：A lion will never attack an elephant.Well die without air or water.(3)常用进行时表将来的动词有come, go, fly, leave, arrive等，表示不易改变的动作。(4)将来时的几种用法比较。be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已经做了某种准备或表示非常有可能发生。I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a house with them.Be careful! You are going to break that chair.另外，be going to表将来，不能用在条件从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine, were going to go fishing.(错误)shall/will do表示没有事先考虑过，即说话时临时想到的。Where is the telephone book?I will get it for you.be to do sth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。We are to meet at the school gate.be about to do sth.表示“即将；就要”，后面不能接具体的时间状语。The plane is about to take off.3现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段进行的动作。它具有暂时性、持续性、未完成性的特点。具体表示：(1)说话时发生或进行着的动作。 (2)现阶段正在进行的动作。 (3)有些动词如change, get, come等用进行时，表示“逐渐变化”之含义。Below this city, the river is widening.His health is improving each day.(4)go, come, begin, leave, arrive, return, take off等可用进行时态代替将来时态，(5)副词always, constantly, forever, repeatedly等与进行时连用表示一种感情色彩。You are always saying that sort of things.另外四类动词不宜用现在进行时，如：表示心理状态、情感的动词，如：like, love, hate, care, respect, remember, believe, mind, wish, agree, mean, need表示存在状态的词，如：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on表示一时性动作的词，如：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete表示感官的动词，如：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look4过去完成时过去完成时指“过去的过去”，具体类型有：(1)第一种类型是：过去完成时before/by the time/when一般过去时。第二种类型是：Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely hadSPPwhen/than/before一般过去时。第三种类型是：I had thought/expected/meant/wanted.表示过去未曾实现的希望或计划。第四种类型是：动作发生的顺序是“过去的过去(2)表示过去未曾实现的希望或计划，用I had hoped /expected /supposed /meant/ thought/wanted to do sth.句型，表示我本希望/想/可能/打算/认为/想做某事，如：I had hoped/expected/wanted/planned to meet her at the station.I hoped/expected/wanted/planned to have met her at the station.(3)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时，如：After he (had) left the room, a thief came in.We arrived home before it rained.5过去将来时(1)was/were going to do sth.表示过去将来，或表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法。“Where is the bus？” I asked myself. I was going to be late and the manager wasnt going to be pleased.(2)come, go, leave, arrive等用过去进行时表示过去将来时含义，如：(3)was/were to do sth.表示过去将来，如：(4)was/were about to do sth.表示即将发生的过去将来，如：I was about to leave when my uncle arrived.6现在完成时现在完成时是过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或对现在造成的结果，以及表示过去开始的动作或状态一直持续到现在。具体可表示：结果和经验Mary has bought a new dress.持续(多使用持续性动词，短暂性动词用否定形式)I have studied English for ten years.重复，指一种经验或经历。(常与always, every day, often, many times连用)Its rained every day this week.The machine has been serviced every month since we bought it.Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill.另外，还应注意以下几点：(1)现在完成时除可以和for, since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months, weeks), in recent years。如： (2)现在完成时还可以用于下列句子结构：It is/has been一段时间since从句That/This/It is the first time that.That/This/It is the only.That/This/It is the best/finest/most interesting, etc. (3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时，此时强调第一个动作发生后才发生第二个动作，如： (4)常用的非延续性动词有：marry, close, die, arrive, post, come, fall, leave, go, break, lose, give, join, jump, receive, buy, borrow, become, start, begin, graduate等。这些非延续性动词如果用于现在完成时，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语for., since.连用。如：可以说：He has joined the Party.不可以说：He has joined the Party for two years.如果要表示一段时间可以用以下方式：He joined the Party two years ago.Its two years since he joined the Party.另外还可以用于not.until句型。如：I didnt receive the letter until this morning.在表示一段时间的句子中，不能用终止性动词，一定要用延续性动词。如：How long may I keep the novel？(用keep而不用borrow)He had been married for two years.(用be married代替marry)7过去进行时过去进行时是比较重要的时态，它是用来表示在过去特定的某一时刻正在发生的事情，或者过去某一段时间内持续发生的事情。主要从点和段上来强调动作的过去进行。8一般过去时态(1)是“与现在没有联系的时态”，只强调过去的事实，不强调与现在的关系。主要表示：过去某时(某时期)的动作或状态，或过去习惯的动作。表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语连接，用一般过去时态，如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute，如：The moment he came in, he hurried to tell me what had happened to her.He put on his hat and went to the shop to buy some medicine for his cough.用于委婉语气或虚拟语气等特定的结构中。(2)一般过去时态的常用句型，如：Why didnt I think of that?I wasnt noticing it.I forgot to tell you I had been there before.I didnt recognize her.(3)注意：一般过去时态和现在完成时的区别时间上的差异凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如：含有ago, last year, just now等。I received the letter yesterday.(right)I have received the letter yesterday.(wrong)结果上的差异现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响或结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时态强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。(二)动词的被动语态被动语态的时态一般现在时： is (am, are)+过去分词一般过去时： was (were)+过去分词现在进行时： is (am, are)+being+过去分词过去进行时： was (were) +being+过去分词现在完成时： have (has)+been+过去分词过去完成时： had +been+过去分词一般将来时： shall (will)+be+过去分词过去将来时： should (would)+be +过去分词动词的语态考核点集中在被动语态的含义及其用法上，掌握被动语态要注意以下几点：1被动语态的构成方式：“be过去分词”，也常使用“get/become过去分词”表示结果。应特别注意完成时、进行时、将来时的被动语态的应用。The important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.那个重要的问题已经被讨论近两个星期了。How long has the machine been used?这机器使用有多久了？注意：“beunder/in等介词名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。The problem is under discussion (is being discussed) at the meeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。The telephone is in use (is being used) now.这部电话正在使用中。2主动形式表示被动意义(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等系动词后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook, shut, dry, drink等表示某种性质时且带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，如：The fish smells good.鱼闻起来很香。The book written by that famous writer is selling very well.Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很柔软。These cups clean easily.这些杯子很容易洗。The exhibition doesnt open on Mondays.展览会星期日不开。下面的短语经常使用主动语态：come out, come into being, go off, run out, give out, give in。(2)want, require, need, worth后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，如：These flowers want/require/need watering.These books are worth reading. (3)在“beadj.to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This apple isnt fit to eat.He isnt easy to get along with.3被动形式表示主动意义be seated, be hidden, be lost, be drunk, be dressed, be devoted, be determined, be compared等表状态。He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)他坐在凳子上。He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)She was lost in the woods.她在森林里迷路了。He was drunk at the dinner.他在酒席上喝醉了。The singer was dressed in a white short skirt.常见的结构有：It is said that.据说。It is known that.众所周知。It is suggested that.有人建议。It is reported that.据报道。It is believed that.有人相信。It is hoped that.大家希望。It is thought that.大家认为。被动语态与系表结构的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或所处的状态，如：The book was written by a young writer.(被动语态)The book is well written.(系表结构)习题1.(2009辽宁)Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair _ all day. Could you speak to her now?A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned2(2009辽宁)My parents have promised to come to see me before I _ for Africa.A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave3(2009湖南)The food here is nice enough.My friend _ me a right place.A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing4(2009湖南)Would you please keep silent? The weather report _ and I want to listen.A. is broadcast B. is being broadcastC. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast5(2009湖南)When he _ the door, he found his keys were nowhere.A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open6(2009江西)Do you want a lift home?Its very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morning because my alarm clock _.A. doesnt go off B. wont go off C. wasnt going off D. didnt go off7(2009江西)What is the price of petrol these days?Oh, it _ sharply since last month.A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased8(2009四川)You speak very good French!Thanks. I _ French in Sichuan University for four years.A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied9(2009四川)Why dont we choose that road to save time?The bridge to it _.A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired10(2009浙江)What do you think of the movie?Its fantastic. The only pity is that I _ the beginning of it.A. missed B. had missed C. miss D. would miss11(2009浙江)Over the past decades, sea ice _ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A. had decreased B. decreasedC. has been decreasing D. is decreasing12(2009江苏)Hi, Torry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?Sorry. _.A. Its repaired B. It has been repairedC. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired13(2009江苏)Ann is in hospital.Oh, really? I _ know. I _ go and visit her.A. didnt; am going to B. dont; wouldC. dont; will D. didnt; will14(2009天津)My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live15(2009安徽)Daniels family _ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying16(2009福建)According to the literary review, Shakespeare _ his characters live through their language in his plays.A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes17(2009山东)I was out of town at the time, so I dont know exactly how it _.A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened18(2009重庆)Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future _ to the welleducated.A. belongs B. is belonged C. is belonging D. will be belonged19(2009重庆)Ive got to go now.Must you? I _ you could stay for dinner with us.A. think B. thought C. have thought D. am thinking20(2009重庆)She stared at the painting, wondering where she _it.A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen21(2009陕西)This is the first time we _ a film in the cinema together as a family.A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen22(2009北京)John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather _ with them to school.A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take23(2009北京)When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we _ up, her voice had been full of life.A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang24(2009北京)The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated25(2009北京)Scientists have many theories about how the universe _ into being.A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come26(2009全国)Progress _ so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be27(2009全国)Edward, you play so well. But I _ you played the piano.A. didnt know B. hadnt known C. dont know D. havent known28(2009全国)His sister left home in 1998, and _ since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC. had not heard of D. has not heard of29(2009泉州毕业班质检)Dont ring me up between 3 and 4. I _ an important talk with the boss then.A. have had B. have C. would have D. will be having30(2009泉州毕业班质检)The meeting, _ by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.A. to be attended B. being attended C. attended D. having attended31(2009泉州毕业班质检)Please stop to have a rest. You _ the washing machine the whole morning.A. have repaired B. were repairingC. have been repaired D. have been repairing32(2010安徽师大附中摸底)Have you finished your essay?Half _ when you come back.A. has been done B. is doneC. be done D. will have been done33(2009西城抽样)I wonder if you could go with me to the cinema. Dont disturb me. I _ a composition all the morning and havent finished yet.A. write B. was writing C. have written D. have been writing34(2009潍坊质检)You shouldnt have played such a joke on him.Sorry. I _ that he would get so angry.A. didnt expect B. dont expect C. hadnt expected D. hasnt expected35(2009昆山二模)We should get together next week.Sounds like a plan! I _ you a call.A. will give B. would giveC. have given D. give36(2009潍坊质检)I am not going to play football this year, Mum.Thats music to my ears. I was so afraid you _.A. will be hurt B. would get hurt C. had got hurt D. were hurt37(2009东城综合一)Has Ingrid handed in her paper yet?Im not sure. She _ on it last week.A. was working B. has worked C. worked D. had worked38 Shops across China _ from handing out free plastic bags from June 1st this year and shoppers will have to pay if they want a bag.A. will ban B. have bannedC. will be banned D. have been banned39(2009东城综合一)_ the baseball match might be put off.Yes, well, it all depends on the weather.A. I had been told B. Ive toldC. Im to be told D. Ive been told40(2009西城抽样)Have you thought about your day off next week?Oh yes，I _ the sunshine in Hawaii next Friday afternoon while youre all working!A. will enjoy B. are enjoyingC. will be enjoying D. am going to enjoy答案1C。根据题意可知，Marcia一整天都在不停地打电话，因此用现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内一直持续的动作。2B。考查动词的时态。时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来时，因此选B。3B。考查动词时态。朋友介绍饭店是过去的事情，所以用过去时，故答案选B。4B。考查动词的时态。前一句的意思是：请你保持安静，好吗？后句的意思是：天气预报正在播报，我想听。故答案选B。5D。考查动词的时态。选项A为过去将来时，表示过去某时间以后要做的事情；选项B为过去时，表示过去已做过的事情；选项C为过去完成时，表示过去某时间以前已经做过的事情；选项D表示过去就要做的事情。这里的意思是就在要开门时，他发现钥匙丢了，故答案选D。6D。考查时态。根据答语后一句可知叙述的是过去的情况，因此用一般过去时。此处go off表示“发出声音”。7B。考查时态和词语的用法。根据题意可知应用现在完成时，主语the price与rise之间是主动关系，故选B。arise表示“出现”，语义不恰当。8A。考查时态。由你(现在)法语说得很好可知本题强调过去发生的动作(我过去在四川大学学过四年法语)，故用一般过去时。9C。考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意：“为什么我们不选择那条路来节约时间？”“去那儿的桥正在维修。”这里用现在进行时的被动语态表示桥正在被修。10A。考查动词的时态。根据语意可知“我错过了电影的开头部分”是发生在过去的行为，所以用miss的一般过去式，答案应选A项。11C。考查动词的时态。从前面的“Over the past decades”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在并将持续下去。12C。考查动词的时态与语态。从答话中的Sorry可知电脑不能用了，正在维修中，且电脑与repair之间为动宾关系，因此应该使用现在进行时的被动语态。13D。考查动词的时态。从对话内容可知，说话人在说话前不知道Ann在住院，因此第一空应该使用一般过去时。去医院看她是临时做出的决定或安排，因此，第二空使用will。be going to则表示在说话前已经安排好要做某事，这与对话矛盾，故选项A错误。14A。考查时态。由第二句“我的父母生于香港，且迄今为止从未在他处居住过”可知，他们一直居住在香港(现在仍然是)，指的是现实情况，故用一般现在时。15D。考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语“this time next week”可知，这里表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，所以用将来进行时。16D。考查时态。句意：依据文学评论，莎士比亚是通过戏剧里的语言让他的人物鲜活起来的。既然这是文学评论，就应该说的是事实情况，所以需用一般现在时。17B。考查时态。由句意可知happen这一动作发生在过去，并且对现在没有影响，故用一般过去时。18A。考查动词的用法。belong to表示“属于”，不能用于被动语态，而且也没有进行时形式，因此只有A项正确。19B。考查动词的时态。根据句意可知，当说话者要走时，答话者感到很意外，因为他(她)在此之前以为对方可以留下来和他们一起吃晚饭。由此可知，与现在的时间相比，这是他(她)过去的一个想法，因此要用一般过去时，表示“原以为”。20D。考查动词的时态。根据句意可知。see这一动作发生在谓语动词stared表示的动作之前，而stared是一般过去时，所以这里要用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。其他选项不合题意。21D。考查时态。It/This is the first/second time(that).该句型的从句部分谓语要用现在完成时，但如果是It/This was the first/second time(that).则从句谓语需要用过去完成时。22B。考查时态。主句是一般过去时，而John的先辈们带着这