中考复习专题介词与数词.doc

学习内容与过程一：Review重点词汇与短语分别默写15个二：Presentation（一）. 介词的用法I. 介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语与句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother. (定语) The girl will be back in two hours. (状语) Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语) Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)II. 常用介词的用法辨析1. 表时间的介词(1). at, in, on at : 表示时间点, 年龄，无Day节日 eg：at six oclock/ at noon/ at midnight/ at Halloween / at the age of 7 in: 表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨(上午，下午，晚上)。eg：in the nineteenth century / in 2002/ in may/ in winter/ in the morning/ in the afternoon on: 表示具体的（含有修饰的词）某一天某一天的上午，下午，晚上.eg：on Monday, on July 1st / on Sunday morning1 .Well have a hiking trip, but when shall we meet?Lets make it _ half past eight _ the morning of June 21.2 . I made a special card for my father _ Fathers Day this year.(2) . since与for表示时间的用法区别：“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有之久”,都常用于完成时态；eg：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970. Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (3). in, afterin一段时间in一段时间s time(与将来时连用)。after与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。after与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。eg. He will be back in two months. He will arrive after four oclock. He returned after a month.= He returned a month later.EX. ( ) -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? -_. A. In three days B. After three days C. In three days time D. After three days time(4) . 表示“在.期间“常用during ，fromto . betweenand等during 表示在。期间 during the winter holiday ,during the last two years, during my stay in Hong Kongfrom to .表示从到from Monday to Friday ,from August to September betweenand一般是说在这个时期内发生了什么，强调事情本身，而不是时间，发生的事情可以是点动词。注意：当接时间的时候，between.and.接短暂性动词， from.to.接延续性动词eg. The World Cup was held in Germany from June 9th to July 9th . You can call me between 5:00 and 6:00EX. -I think it s good_young people to work _volunteers _their spare time. -I think so A to; for; in B,for; as; in C for; with; during D to; with; duringII. 表示地点的介词(1). at, in, onat一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。eg. He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. They arrived at a small village before dark. Could you please tell me when the train will arrive? There is a big hole in the wall. The teacher put up a picture on the wall. There is a kite in the tree. There is a big apple on the tree.(2). over, above, onover, on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。eg. There is a bridge over the river. We flew above the clouds. They put some flowers on the teachers desk.EX. They climbed_ the hill and arrived there ahead of time.Cant you see a rainbow_ the mountain. Can I join Oxfam Trailwalker? Only if you are _ eighteen.(3). across, throughacross和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。EX.There is a bridge the river. Many boats go it every day. The train ran _the tunnel (隧道). The boy swam_ the river. The moonlight goes _ the window and makes the room bright. He had to push his way _the crowds to get to her son. -Can a plane fly_the Atlantic Ocean? -Yes, but it needs to go _the clouds for hours. (4). in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”反义词组behind，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内,反义词组at the back ofeg. There are some tall trees _ the building. The teacher is sitting _ the classroom.(5) . under，below under与over相反，表示指“在-（垂直）下方”。below与above相反，指“在下面”，指某物位置低于另一物。 注意：below也可指“（温度）低于-” eg：Our boat went under the bridge There is a small town below the hill. EX：The temperature will fall_ zero in the night again. Who lives three floors _ him? Teenagers _eighteen arent allowed to drink.(6). among和betweenamong(通常用于三个或三个以上)的中间，among后的名词或代词必须是复数，between用于(二者之间)，且“两者”常用and连接。 eg. There is a village among the hills/ Tom is the tallest among these students. Kate sits between Lucy and Lily. EX. The woman divided the cake_the four children.She seldom eats snacks_classes/ meals.III. 其他介词的辨析(1) .表示方式、手段、工具等介词by，with，in，through表示用“方法、手段”使用by。 eg：We go to school by bike every day. / I live by teaching. 表示“用工具”的用with。 eg：We write with pens (or pencils). / He cut the apple in half with a knife. 表示“用语言” 用in。 eg：He can write a letter in English now. through意为“通过”，经常后接effort, hard work等名词，而by 意为“用”表方式方法，后接动名词，如：working hard, putting in a lot of effort.EX. I improve my English _reading aloud in the morning. It is really cool to realize your dream _great effort. (2) . besides、except、but和beyond . besides意思是“除之外(还有-)”。 eg. Besides English we also learn Chinese, French and Japanese. . except意思是“除之外(在整体中除去一部分)”。 eg. The students go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. . but意思是“除之外(在整体中除去一部分)”，它与except的区别是：but常放在不定代词之后；而except没不是。but的问题：用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。eg. I could do nothing but wait. They had no choice(选择) but to fight. . beyond “除.以外” 常用于否定和疑问句中eg. Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.EX. Mr Lin gave the textbooks to all the students _the ones who had already taken them. (2009无锡) I cant tell you anything _ what you know already. A without B. beyond C besides D except for(3) . in, on, to表示方向的介词 A be/lie in the north of B. A在B的北部。前者从属于后者。 A be/lie on the north of B. A在B的北方。两地接壤。 A be/lie to the north of B.A be north of B.可以省略to the；两者不接壤eg.It is reported that a car went out of control on a high way east of Shijiazhuang and three people got killed.EX. north of the zoo there are some giraffes. And south of the giraffes there are some lions.Shanghai lies _ the east of China and _the northeast of Guangdong.(4) . as与like “像”as 为连词，后接一个句子; like 为介词，后面只能接名词、代词宾格或动名词作宾语。eg. We must study hard as Lei Feng did Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures like a camera. EX. _ are you going to be in the future? -I want to be a person_Yang Liwei.(2004扬州中考) A. How, like B How;as C. What, like D. What, asIV. 介词的固定搭配 介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。（1）介词与动词的搭配listen to , laugh at, get to, look for, wait for, hear from/of, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spendon,get on (well) with, argue with.about., devote.to., look forward to, pay attention to, have an effect on, catch up with等。（2）介词与名词的搭配on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on ones way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end, on a bike(=by bike), with the help of或with ones help，beyond hope，in public，under arrest，on business, beyond doubts（3）介词与形容词的搭配be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for, be strict with.in., be grateful to sb for sth等EX. ( ) Are you going to the station _bus or _my car? A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in D. in ; by ( ) _my mothers help, I succeeded in finishing the work. A. Under B. On C. With D. In【中考题专项练习】( ) 1. Dont drive so fast! We must slow down when we drive_ the tunnel. (2012江苏无锡) A. past B. across C. over D. Through( ) 2.Can I join Oxfam Trailwalker? Only if you are _ eighteen. 【2011连云港】 A. over B. on C. under D. below( ) 3. She had to sell the house even though it was _ her own wishes. 【2011浙江杭州】 A. aboveB. onC. againstD. for( ) 4.What do you often do _ classes to relax yourself? Listen to music.【2008安徽中考】A. over B. among C. between D. through ( ) 5. On the way _ the mountain village, we found the local houses different from ours. 【2012江苏淮安】 A. toB. byC. atD. on( ) 6.Jack, is maths difficult to learn in high school? 【2012江苏连云港】 Sure. No subject can be learned well hard work. A. without B. through C. by D. with( ) 7. I am sorry its_my power to make a final decision on the project(2004上海春季高考) A over B.above C of D beyond( ) 8. My father has a habit of jogging _the Jinchuan River for an hour in the morning .【2012江苏南京】 A. between B. along C. over D. through( ) 9. Look, there is a hole_ the wa1l . The wind comes in_ that hole. A on;through B in;through C on;in D。in;in( ) 10. Dont drive so fast! We must slow down when we drive _the tunnel. 【2012江苏无锡】 A. pastB. acrossC. overD. through( ) 11.Yesterday I downloaded a new program _the Internet. Now I can watch TV and movies_ my computer. (2012苏州)A. from； on B. with； in C, in； with D. on； from( ) 12. The 30th London Olympic Games will begin _ 27th July 2012. 【2012江苏徐州】 A. in B. on C. at D. for( ) 13.Jack, you seem to be _ . 【2012江苏盐城】 Yes. Its 8:20 now and my train leaves in ten minutes. A. in a hurryB. in fearC. in safetyD. in silence( ) 14. The 2012 London Olympic Games will soon start _ the coming July. 【2012江苏镇江】 A. on B. in C. at D. to( ) 15. Remember to spend some time_ your loved ones, because they are not going to be around forever. A.from B.with C. in D.on( )16. Jack, you seem to be _Yes. Its 820 now and my train leaves in ten minute. A. in a hurry B. in fear C. in safety D. in silence( )17-Jack, is maths difficult to learn in High school? (2012连云港) -Sure. No subject can be learned well _hard work.A. without B . through C. by D. with( ) 18. Welcome to our hotel. I hope you ll have a good time_your stay here.(2012安徽中考) A,after B.during C with D since（2） . 数词的用法I、英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。II. 数词的分类 1. 基数词“八注意”。（一）基数词的读法。注意：1，000以上数目的读法：自右向左每三位划一个分节“，”，第一个分节读thousand, 第二个分节读million, 第三个分节读billion或thousand million ，且hundred, thousand, million等用单数形式。注意，百位数hundred与十位数(或个位数)之间要用and连接。十位数与个位数之间要用连字符号“-”，如：52，368读作：fifty-two thousand, three hundred and sixty-eight.挑战中考：( )1. How long is the new bridge? Do you know ? -Yes. Its about _. (05济南市课改区) A. one thousand one hundred and eighty meters B. one thousand and one hundred fifty meters C. two thousands one hundred forty meters D. two thousands seventy and three meters ( )2. There are _ days in a year. (07贵州毕节地区) A. three hundred and sixty-five B. three hundred and sixty five C. three hundred sixty-five D. three hundreds and sixty- five（2） 基数词表计量。注意：基数词表计量大于1时，它所修饰的名词要用复数形式。如: two bottles of water (两瓶水); three boxes of apples(三箱苹果)。挑战中考：( )3. Ive read _ sports news about the F1 race today. A. two B. pieces C. two pieces D. two pieces of ( )4. Can I help you? Id like _for my twin daughters. A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe B. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes(三）基数词表番号（编号）。注意：编号的事物如果数字较大，一般用基数词表达，且放在编号的事物名词之后。如：No.102 Middle School （102中学）；Room 206 （206房间） 如果编号的事物数字不大，用序数词表达，但它应放在编号名词之前。如：the first lesson (第一课) 挑战中考：( )5. Jack is now in _. A. the three grade B. Grade Third C. Grade Three ( )6. Now children, turn to page _and look at the _ picture in Lesson Two. A. twentieth; one B. twenty; one C. twentieth; first D. twenty; first (四）基数词表时刻。注意：英语时刻表达法有两种：一种是直接读数字，先说钟点数，后说分钟数：另一种是先说分钟数，后说钟点数，中间要用past或to连接。即：130分钟（含30分钟）用“分钟数+past+钟点数”；3159分钟用“（60-分钟数）+to +下一个钟点数”。如：4:20 four twenty或 twenty past four 5:45 five fifteen或 fifteen to six或 a quarter to six中考演练：( )7. -It 9:45. Yes, Its _. A. fifteen from ten B. a quarter to ten B. fifteen past nine D. a quarter past ten（五）基数词复数表岁数或年代。注意：表示“几十”的基数词的复数形式，可用来表示某人的大概岁数或年代。如：My uncle went to England in his twenties. These eggs were found in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists in the 1920s.挑战中考：( )8.During World War, a Jewish（犹太的）lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her _. A. fifties B. fifty C. fiftieth D. the fiftieth （六）含基数词的复合形容词。注意：“基数词+名词（+形容词）”构成的复合形容词作定语时，其中的名词用单数形式。如：two-week holiday 两周的假 ； an eighteen-metre-wide street 一条18米宽的街道 但注意它与名词所有格形式作定语的区别。如：How far is it from your home to your school? Its about ten minutes walk. 挑战中考：( )9. Bill said they would have _ holiday. A. a two-month B. two months C. two-months D. two months ( )10. Tim is _ boy. He can say a few words. A. an one-year-old B. a one-year-old C. an one-year old D. a one-year old（七）基数词与“多少又一半”的表达。注意：“多少又一半”的表达有种方法：一种是“数词+n.(单数或复数)+and a half”；另一种是“数词+and a half +n.复数”。如：“两个半月”可译为：two months and a half或two and a half months 中考演练： ( )11. I spent _ in doing my homework yesterday. A. a half and two hour B. two and a half hour C. two hour and a half D. two and a half hours（8） hundred, thousand, million等表示大约数与确切数的区别。注意：基数词表示具体数目时，hundred, thousand, million用单数形式。但在表示“数百”、“数千”、“数百万”等不确切数目时，hundred, thousand, million要用复数形式，且后接“of +名词复数”。如：There are nine hundred and forty-seven students in our school. Thousands of students come to visit the Museum of Natural History every year. 挑战中考：（ ）12. Nanjing is a city with many places of interest. _ tourists come here every year. A. Thousand of B. Thousand C. Thousands D. Thousands of (06南京市) ( )13. How many people are there in Changsha? -About six _. (07长沙市初中毕业会考) A. million B. millions C. millions of ( )14.How many people will come to Beijing for the Olympic Games in 2008? -Its hard to say. _ people, I think. ( 06福州市) A. Million of B. Millions of C. Two millions of D. Two million of2、序数词“三注意”。(一）序数词的构成及基本用法。注意：序数词一般以与之相应的基数词后加-th 构成，少数几个需特别记忆。为方便大家记忆，请看下面口诀。基变序，有规律，first, second, third要牢记；其它变化有公式，基数词尾加-th;eight去t , nine去e； 从twenty, thirty到ninety, 需变y为ie； five和twelve, 需将ve变f; 若是遇到“几十几”，只变个位就可以。序数词：one-first ; two-second; three-third; five-fifth; eight-eighth; nine-ninth; twelve-twelfth; twenty-twentieth; twenty-one-twenty-first另外，注意：序数词前要加定冠词the, 在句中作定语放在所修饰的名词前。如：December is the twelfth month of the year. 挑战中考：( )15. Thursday is the _ day of the week. (five) ( 用所给词的适当形式填空) ( )16. He believed his lucky number was ten, so he decided to live on the _ floor. A. lowest B. ten C. tenth ( )17. I have made _ dumplings. Now Im making the _ one. A. twenty; twentieth-first B. twenty; twenty-first C. twentieth; twenty-first D. twenty; twenty-one （二）序数词与冠词a/an连用。注意：序数词前加不定冠词a/an, 表示“又一”、“再一”的意思。如：Please try it a second time. 请再试一试。但基数词与more连用，并放在more前，表示“另外有”、“还有”的意思。如：Ill take one more (=another) pencil. We ve just started！ There were twenty more trees to be planted！ 挑战中考：( )18.Time is not enough for so much work. _ people are needed, I think. A. Other two B. Only two C. Two more D. Two others ( )19. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _ one. A. three B. third C. forth D. 不填 （三）序数词的特殊用法：序数词的前面一般必须加the，但以下情况不用：表“又一”时，如：There are three flowers, but she wants a fourth one.序数词前有形容词性物主代词时，如：This is my fifteenth birthday.序数词作表语时，如：Who was first in the high jump? He is always the first one to come to the school. I am the second one to get up in my family.当序数词为表达名次的名词时，不和定冠词连用，如：Lily came second in the race.挑战中考：20. Yesterday was Fathers Day and it was just my cousins _(二十) birthday. (2012扬州)3. 分数和百分数(1). 分数1 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词。 如：one fifth 1/52 当分子大于1时，分母用序数词的复数。如：five eighths 5/83 当分子是1时，可以用one也可以用a. 如：a second = one second 1/24 当分母是2和4时，分别可以用half和quarter代替。如：a half 1/2 three quarters3/4(2) . 百分数：百分数用percent表示。如：forty percent 40%注意：分数和百分数的主谓一致问题挑战中考：( )21. This is a big class, and _ of the students are girls. A. two third B. second three C. two thirds D. two three ( )22. Whats one fourth and a half , do you know? -Yes, its _. A. two sixths B. three fourths C. one three D. three sixths ( )23. _ of the apple_bad and has to throw it away. A. Two third; went B. An half; went C. Two thirds; go D. Two thirds; goes4. 倍数的表示法(1). 表示“几倍大小（长短；数量）”，由“倍数+ the size（length，amount）”结构组成。如：The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon. (2). 表示“比大几倍”，由“倍数+形容词（副词）比较级+ than +被比较部分”结构组成。如：This box is three times bigger than that one. (3). 表示“是倍”，由“倍数+ as +形容词原级+ as +被比较部分”结构组成。如：Our factory is twice as big as theirs. 【各地历年中考数词的考查】( )1.About _ the fans are waiting here. They want to see the great singer.【2009河南】 A. two thousand of B.two thousand C.thousand of D.two thousands of( )2.The volunteers sent books