基础英语教学工艺.docVIP

前言当了这么多年的英语教师，我始终想为我的同行或者学生做点什么来提高英语教学的效率.接触过一段计算机后，逐渐发现微软的word和excel文档，实质上是为用户构建了一个操作平台。而这样做的意义就是可以省去每次都要做而又没必要做的工作。这就使用户节省许多宝贵的时间。这个平台上有各种“工具”，用户可以在这个平台上任意使用这些工具，进行各种各样的文字处理。之所以能构建这样一个平台是因为平台的“建设者”发现了普遍存在于各种各样文字处理活动或过程中的共性的工作，并将这些共性的工作预先做好，而用户一旦“登上平台”就可以直接做其个性工作。要想构建一个适合于英语教学的平台，也同样要找到普遍存在于英语教学整个过程的共性的东西。并且在这个平台上也提供一些“工具”这样就可以使英语教学象用word和excel处理文件一样方便高效。那么，怎样才能找到所谓的共性的东西呢？我认为要想找到这一共性的东西，首先要弄清英语教学的最终目标（这里的最终目标是从知识的角度确定的，而非人文角度。）。因为无论我们教给学生们什么，还是用什么方式教，最终是由它来决定的，同时我们所做的一切也都是为了实现它而做的。英语教学的最终目标是什么呢？对于这个问题答案会因人而异，但无论答案如何其实质应是：使学习者能通过有限数量和形式话题的学习和应用产生无限数量和形式话题的应用能力。说白了我们学英语就是为了能和讲英语的人，写英语的人进行沟通和交流。对于用语言进行交流其方式只能试听，说，读，写，所以，这一目标的最终是以听，说，读，写这四种方式来实现的。现在我们可以说这四大技能的高低将决定学习者英语语言能力的高与低，即最终目标实现的程度如何由这四项技能的高低决定。英语教学的最终目标的实现现在已经转为四大技能的获得。四大技能的实质又是什么呢？对于听：听话人听的是说话人说的话；对于说：是说话人说给听话人的话；对于读：阅读的人读的是别人写在纸上的话；对于写：是作者写给读者的话。所以，这四大技能是由话来实现的。即话就是这四大技能的共同载体。那么，这里的“话”实质上是什么呢？有人会说：对于英语来说，话就是由 单词组成的短语，句子或文章。如果再问这些单词是任意组合的还是按照一定的规则组合的呢？答案是后者。例如，你能看出“Flat my new you to I been invite have meaning”是“I have been meaning to invite you to my new flat.”的含义吗？答案是否定的。这就可说明“话”是词汇按着一定规则的组合。而这一语言规则又称为语法。那么，是不是英语的教学就是教英语语法呢？英语教学应当教语法，但绝不是为了教语法。语言是人们表达思想的工具，按理说语言的习得应当在具体的语言应用的事件中去获得，这对母语的习得是适用的。但是，对于非母语的学得不完全适用。这是因为母语的应用场合无处不在，这就使母语拥有无论是时间上还是空间上都很广的语言应用环境，因此，对于母语从某种程度上讲可以通过语言应用的实践来获得。对于大多数甚至可以说是绝大多数第二语言的学习者来说，上述的语言环境是没有的。因此，为了高效的学好第二语言就必须寻找到一种替代物，使第二语言的学习者在没有或缺少语言环境的情况下较快速的学好第二语言。这种替代物最好么过于语法了。这是因为语法是存在与千变万化的具体语言表现形式中的最本质，最普遍的规律。它是任何语言具体形式所共有的，共同遵循的法则。所以，对于第二语言的习得应当是以语法为指导为工具的具体的语言应用的实践过程。在整个教与学的过程中千万莫犯“语法无用”或“语法万能” 这两个极端的错误。跟其他学科一样，英语语言教学也遵循由浅入深这一基本原则。这就要求在教学之前先要弄清英语这一具体学科由浅入深的具体情况。对于英语来说，从其知识表现形式上来看无非是单词，短语，句子或文章。那么，英语学习就应该是学完单词学短语，学完短语学句子，学完句子学文章么？答案是否定的。要正确回答这一问题，首先要弄清什么是“最小英语语言单位？”可能有人会说，最小语言单位是单词。因为，单词不能再被继续分割了。如果单纯地从大与小来看似乎这是正确的。但是，语言是用来表达是想的工具，而单词单独使用往往不能表达确定的含义，而不能有确切的含义是语言变得没有意义。因而，单词不能称为最小语言单位。同理可证并不是所有短语都有唯一确切的含义。因此，它也不能成为最小语言单位。所以，最小语言单位是句子。到现在为止，可将英语教学的实质（仅从知识获得的角度）归纳如下：英语教学实质上是建立人的思想与英语语言单位的“映射”关系，但不是“一一映射”；最小语言单位是句子；建立的原则是语法。而词汇和短语是用来构成句子的“材料”。换句话说，单词和短语之所以存在的理由是构成句子的需要。需要这也是我创作此书的基本思想，也正是这种思想使得本书成为一个以有机组合方式形成的“有生命的知识团”。绝不是知识的简单的罗列. “句子生产”工艺流程正如其他任何事物的存在都有其理由一样，语言的存在也有其存在的理由。这个理由是表达思想的需要。另外从发展的角度来看，语言绝不是从它诞生的那一天起就是今天这个样子，它一定是由最简单的词或音符逐渐发展到今天这个样子，并且将来它还是要继续发展的至于它将来的样子则由将来具体表达的需要来决定。对于英语来说，其发展过程大致应为具有简单含义的符号；然后是这些具有简单含义的符号随着更多表达的需要有了更多的含义，同时，这些符号本身可能也变得比原来更复杂更高级而产生了词汇；但是随着社会和生产的发展人与人间的交往也日益争多，人们所要表达的思想也随之增多变得更复杂，这样就产生了用比单词更复杂的语言结构来表达这些思想的需要，从而产生了简单句；又是同样的发展引起的更复杂思想表达方式的需求，使语言进一步发展产生了并列句，各类复合句直至由各类句子组成的文章。 如上所诉我们可以得出以下结论：任何文章都是由句子组成的，要想解决文章中的问题首先就要解决组成文章句子的问题，这些问题既可是某个句子的内部问题也和是句子间的问题。所以，从某种程度上讲，学会使用句子就是学好了英语。因此，我就是要为英语的学习者和教学者构建一个发现问题和解决问题的平台，让学习者和教学者更有效地学习和教学。在平台上将“摆放”用来制造句子和文章的“材料”和“工具”。这里材料指的是各种词汇，工具指的是各种语法规则。如上所述任何文章都是由句子组成的，所以，文章的生产或制造最终也是造句的问题。正如任何产品都是有若干个零件组合而成的，句子也一样是由“零件”即各种句子成分组成的。故“生产”句子大致的步骤如下：（1）先要选择适当的“材料”用相应的“工具”先生产出“零件”.(2)再用相应的“工具”将它们组装成句子。正如生产任何产品都首先要先为生产者提供该产品的设计图纸那样，作为平台的设计者我也应当为平台的用户提供平台所产“产品”（句子）提供它的设计方案（各种句子的组成成分和组成方式）。“产品类型，规格及生产设计方案”句子类型及其构成英语句子共有三种类型：简单句，并列句，复合句。并列句，复合句都是由简单句按照一定的语法规则构成的。实质上复合句和并列句是简单句扩展的结果。简单句的五种基本句型句型例句主语+谓语Birds fly.主语+谓语+宾语The early birds catches the worm.主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）I heard the birds singing主语+谓语+双宾语（间宾+直宾）I bought the birds a cage.主语+系动词+表语They are birds of a feather. 从简单句的五种句型可发现，“主语+谓语”是所有句型所共有的。它们是构成简单句的充要条件。反之只要可以确定某一语言单位含有一个“主语+谓语”结构，则可以认定该结构为简单句。它是分析句子结构最基本的依据。 简单句的扩展正如上面提到的那样，随着所需表达的思想日益复杂，原先由一个单词担当的句子成分已不能满足表达的需要，这时句子成分相应需要用多个单词的组合来承担，结果是进行了简单句的扩展。扩展的结果共有三种情况：（1）某些或全部句子成分全由短语来担当。（2）某些或全部句子成分（谓语除外）由句子来担当。（3）整个句子前或后又出现一个与之地位相同的句子。后两种结果分别是复合句和并列句，将在以后详细阐述。现在讨论第一种情况。某些或全部句子成分全由短语来担当的简单句的扩展1 主语的扩展(1)不定式His effort to carry out the task is respectable.Her determination to do it moves us.The items to be included in the plan will be discussed at the meeting.Decision has been made to build another school in the village.Many newspapers for children to read have been published.There is no need for me to do that. (2)分词 The room facing the yard is his study.The book is being studied is a modern novel.The student, scolded by the teacher, is my friend.The book written in the eighteenth century is now very valuable.(3)with 结构A woman with a baby in her arm entered the room.An old man with some teeth missing was reading a newspaper.Along the road he saw all kinds of trees with their leaves waving in the wind. (4)并列主语Fame, money and position are what he wants most.Reading and dancing are my hobbies.To die or not to die is the question.(5)同位语Everyone, me included, would rather have coffee.Animals, particularly panadas, hold much attention to children.The question, chiefly questions about the adventure, were asked by the students.His aim, torealise his early dream, will be achieved.His only hobby, reading classical novels, has brought him a lot of help for improving his ability.(6)并列定语The boy sitting and reaing there is my kid.Her first three interesting little English paintiongs will be shown to the public.The ability to give corret judgement and to make decicions is important to a leader.The sentence pattern, here and in many other books, is practical.2 谓语的扩展（1） 不定式He appeared to suffered a lot.I will get to understood it.She doesnt seem to be interested in it.You are supposed to returned it in two days time.It is to give her a warning.We are said to be living in an information age.The disabled are to be cared and understood.It is likely to rain.（2） 并列成分Tom neither hates nor loves her.He may and should do it for me.She has been, is and will be remembered for his noble character and great deeds.She waited and waited and waited.The girl smiled, or rather laughed.（3） 空间状语An old house stands at the foot of the hill.Guangdong province lie in the north of China.The car is running eastwards.The plane will fly the whole distance.High above in the sky there were flying some birds.Down in the valley the torrent kept roaring day and night.Somewhere in the hills were buried the two kings.I saw smoke curling upward far in the distance.（4）方式状语He faced the accident calmly.She enter the room quickly.He did the work in a casual way.He cooked in the Chinese style.He posted the letter air mail.They dressed the boy cowboy style.（5）分词He was gazing into the distance, lost in thought.He sat on a huge rock, with his gun laid by.Considering his age, the work is well down.Meeting anywhere else, they wouldnt have recognized each other.Granting his honesty, he may be wrong.Having been discouraged by the failure, helost heart.Not having heard from him, she became worried.(6)独立结构She held her daughter, tears streaming her face.With only one hour to go, they quickeded their steps.So many people being absent, they cancelled the meeting.With her heart beating fast, she slowed down.Her son having left, she lives alone in the house.Nofood left ,we have to beg.(7)介词短语He did it for his own good.In case of fire, call the police.With your help, I am sure to succeed.But for the advice, he would have failed.In the event of snow, the match will be cancelled.He did all this with a viewing to making her happy.(8)程度状语She obviously enjoys the music.I partially agree with him.It doesnt matter in the least.He hates her a great deal.She kind of like me.We all but fell over the ship.She little cares about what happens to him.I fully agree with you.He wounded her deeply.(9)评注状语To make a long story short, shelost the ring.Frankly, I dont like it. Quite honestly, he is not qualified for the job.Rightly, he helped her at that time.To my amazement, he won the gold medal.3 表语的扩展（1） be+形容词+不定式（主语是不定式的逻辑主语，为动作的执行者）she is willing to lend me the money.He is stupid to say that.She is pleasd to see him back.（2） be+形容词+不定式（主语与不定式是动宾关系，为动作的承受着）。The essay is difficult to read.The river is not safe to swim in. She is pleasant to talk with.（3） be+形容词+to(to为介词)形容词为：similar, equal, dear, close, sensitive, true, loyal等he is blind to his own mistake.He is opposed to the plan.(4)be+形容词+at 形容词为：clever, pleased, no good, good, surprised, brilliant, beyyer, astonished, puzzled, angry, bad, delighted等。He is no expert at English.I am disgusted at his words.She is alarmed at the sound.（5）be +形容词+with 形容词为：familiar, uneasy, sick, concerned, busy, content, friendly, filled, satisfied, occupied, comfortable, disappointed等。He is bored with the man.She is strict with herself.(6)be+形容词+of 形容词为：glad, full, fond, tired, sure, ashamed, certain, aware, capable, conscious, convinced, guilty, proud, short, sick等。I am convienced of her honesty.She is worthy of the praies.(7)be+形容词+ about 形容词为：happy, worried, reseasonable, frightened, glad等。He is annoyed about the matter. He is mad about money.(8)be+形容词+ from 形容词为：different, absent, distant等。The village is remote from here.He is free from the duty. It is far from being true.(9)be+形容词+in 形容词为：experienced, risk, poor, interested 等He is confident in the task.She is absorbed in the book.The boy is weak in maths.(10)be +形容词+on 形容词为：severe, keen, bent, based, dependent 等。He is hard on the boy.He is reliant on his father.4 插入语在英语的句子中，有些词表示的是说话人的态度或看法，解释或说明，常用逗号同剧中的其他成分隔开（也用破折号或括号），这就是插入语。其位置可位于句首，句中，句尾。分为如下几类（1） 介词插入语Of course, by the way, in fact ,in short, in noes opinion, in other words, in general,等 （2） 形容词插入语Worst, still, strange, enough, least possible, curious enough, most important等(3)副词插入语Clearly, frankly, basically, personally, probably,等 (4)分词插入语Generally speaking, judging from, frankly speaking, strictly speaking 等 (5)不定式插入语To start with, so to speak, to be sure, to sum up, to be precise, to tell the truth.等(6)短句插入语That is , as it is/was, as I see it, as I know, as far as I am concerned, as it were, if I may say so, I suppose, it seems等。(7)if ever , if any , if not , if possible , when necessary 等也可作插入语。上述各个插入语实质上是省略句 If ever : if sb ever does sth.If any : if there is any/if sb has any.Ever修饰动词，any修饰名词或代词。There is little , if any , hope of winning.We seldom, if ever, talked about the past.It is a proper, if not the best, way to settle the problem.插入语使用注意事项（1） 主谓句插入语可放在句中或句尾，一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开但在句中也有不用标点的。例如：The man, I think, does not deservr the prize.(句中)The drink is rather refreshing, I suppose. (句尾)These are the men who I feel confident will do great things. (句中不用标点)The book I have read only a part of it is among the berst sellers.(句中，破折号)（2） 状语重句式插入语可放在句首，句中或句尾。If you like, you may live in the room.He is, as I told you before, rather ambitious(= he is rather ambitious, as I told you before.) (句中或句尾)。A great man, though (he is)dead, yet lives.(句中，省略，其他如if ever,if any 等)。简单句扩展的另外两种结果 并列句和复合句的构成规则简单句构成并列句和复合句的规则（以含有两个简单句为例）并列句的构成形式：“简单句”+等立连词+“简单句”复合句的构成形式：主句【简单句】+从句【关联词+ 简单句】如前文所诉并列句是由于简单句不能表达相对复杂含义的前提下产生的，而复合句是在原来用单词所担当的句子成分不能完整或确切地表达日益复杂思想而需要由更复杂的句子结构来表达它们这一需求的前提下产生的。因此，复合句实际是主从复合句，从句是主句的一个句子成分。由此可以推导出英语的句子构成总则如下：（1） 句子可以以相互独立的单句形式存在，单句间的标点符号为句号。例如：I am a teacher. she is a teacher too.(2) 句子可以以相互并列的单句形式存在，单句间为等立连词等立连词前可有逗号。例如：I am a teacher,but her husband is a doctor.（3） 句子可以以复合句形式存在，前有引导词的为从句，引导词属于从句并可以在从从句中担当句子成分，前无引导词的为主句。 例如：she is a teacher who graduated from Beijing University.（3） 另外并列句和复合句也可以作另一个并列句的一个分句或另一个复合句的一个从句，即这三种方式还可以交互存在。这是正是表达方式多样的大前提。例如：I am a teacher .she is a teacher who graduated from Beijing University, but her husband is a doctor. 并列句并列举的构成问题实际是等立连词的问题。常用的等立连词是：and,but,or 有时“分号”或“破折号”也可担当等立连词。等立连词的用法如下：1.and 表示平行，顺接，评注等。Her brother is a teacher and her sister is a doctor.（平行）He closed the window, turn off the light and left the room.（顺接）He didnt win the game, and that is a pity.（评注）注意：（1）not A and B 有两种含义：否定A和B；肯定A否定B 例如：I dont like football and basketball. 我不喜欢足球和篮球。我喜欢足球不喜欢篮球。（2）not A or B 只有一种含义。否定A和B 例如：I dont like football and basketball. 我不喜欢足球和篮球。2.but 和yet 表示转折或对照（但是，然而） it is true that he is young, but he is experienced and responsible. He is poor, yet he is clever and noble-heartedBut 和 yet 的用法区别：（1） but 是等立连词而yet 则可作等立连词或副词，不可说and but 但可说and yet , but yet.（2） But不可放在句尾，而yet 则可放在句尾。3.only也可用作等立连词，意为“但是，只是”前面可用逗号或分号。例如：He has promised to do it, only he doesnt keep his word.Do what you want, only conform with the law.4.still也可用作等立连词，意为“但是，只是”前面可用逗号或分号。例如：Spring is come, still it is rather cold.He won the game; still he practised even harder.5.for表示原因或理由（因为）They cancelled the sports meeting for it rained the whole day.It must have rained, the ground is wet.6.while, whereas 表示对比（而）He likes football, while Id rather collect stamps.Wise man seek after truth whereas fools despise knowledge.7 .or表选择（或者，不然的话），大约或不确定等Wear your coat or youll catch cold.Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it.he is a teacher or something.复合句按语法功能复合句分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）名词性从句代替名词在句中担当句子成分的句子为名词性从句。因此，主语从句，宾语从句，标语从句，同位语从句均为名词性从句。例如：when he will come back is still up in the air.（主语从句） He will tell me when he will come back.（宾语从句） The question is when he will come back.（表语从句） The question when he will come back can only be answered hy him.（同位语从句）(1) 主语从句(a)that引导的大多数主语从句都可以用it代替，作形式主语，把主语从句置于句尾。而其他引导词引导的主语从句一般不用这一用法。that 不可以省略。That she will succeed is certain.（正）It is certain that she will succeed.（正）She will succeed is certain.（误）(b)it作形式主语结构与it引导强调句的比较It was in Paris where they met for the first time.(误)It was in Paris that they met for the first time.（正）（强调句）It was Paris where they met for the first time. (正) （定语从句因为强调句是一个完整句子在不减少任何句子成分的基础上，使用it is(was).that句型对某一句子成分进行强调，所以若去掉it, is(was)和that 后，只需将语序进行调整，就可使句子成为一个无论从语法角度还是从含义的角度都正确的句子。否则不是强调句。另外还有一点值得注意：强调人时that可由who whom whose代替，其余任何情况能且只能用that。It was last summer when he graduatered from the college. (误)It was last summer that he graduatered from the college. （正）（2） 宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句（略） 定语从句因为定语从句的语法功能和形容词作定语时是一样的，所以我们可以形象地把它称作形容词性从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从句子结构的角度来看，非限制性定语从句与主句间有逗号，而限制性定语从句与主句间无逗号。例如：The time when he will come back can only be told by him.（限制性定语从句） He has told me the time, when he will come back.（非限制性定语从句）定语从句的问题许多都是关于引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词的问题（详情见引导词） 定语从句应用时应注意的问题：（1） 引导词代替先行词在从句中作句子成分，同时拥有先行词的含义或相关含义，至于引导词具体用哪个由它在从句中担当的句子成分决定。例如：This is the factory where he used to work.(作状语)This is the factory which/that was built last year.（作主语）This is the factory which he used to work.for.（作宾语）This is the factory whose equipment should be repaired thoroughly.（作定语）（2） 当关系代词紧跟在介词后面，不用who或that，只用that或whom。但是介词后置时可以省略。例如：This is the factory for that he used to work.This is the factory he used to work for.（3） which用作表语时，可指具有某种特性，品质，才能以及从事某种职业的某种人或某种人中不具体的某个人。例如：He want to be a lawyer which his brother has been.She looks like a Russian, which you are not.（4） 关系代词的省略：作直接宾语时，“there + be”结构从句中作主语时。The man whom you saw just now is our manager.This is the only bus that there is to that park.（5） 如果先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰，当先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any only, few, much, no some, very等修饰时，关系代词常用that 不用which, who, whom。但先行词为anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody时，可用who或whom.（6） 当引导词在从句中作定语时可用下列三种方法表示：The book whose cover is missing is mine.The book of which the cover is missing is mine.The book the cover of which is missing is mine. 注意：指人时后两者的which要用whom；后两种用法中的the不可以省略。（7） How不能用来引导定语从句。例如：This is the way how he behaves（误）This is the way he behaves.（正）This is how he behaves.（正） 状语从句由于状语从句与副词作状语功能相似，所以我们可以形象地把它称作副词词性从句。状语从句是用来描述动词的语言单位，故一个动作或行为能从几方面开描述就应该有相应的状语从句来实现这种描述。 现以“上一堂课”为例归纳如下：对于一堂课而言一定有其发生的时间，地点，方式以及条件。同时，你之所以来学校上课是因为你要学习文化知识从而又产生了上课的理由原因。另外，你还可以将你的课与别班的课相比较，如果你发现你的任课教师是一位南郭先生即使他给你钱你也不会在他那里浪费青春，这就是比较和让步。还有若干个班级同时上课不正是相互伴随吗？所以，状语从句可分为：时间，地点，方式，条件，原因，比较，让步，伴随状语从句。如果将来动词需要从更多的方面来描述，那么会有更多的状语从句产生的。例如：He will tell me the secret when he come back.（时间状语从句） I dont know the secret because he doesnt come back.（原因状语从句） I am working where he used to work. （地点状语从句） I will tellyou thr secret if you can keep it .（条件状语从句） He studys as the teacher told so.（方式状语从句） He worksharder than her.（比较状语从句） He had the meal as he was reading a mewspaper.（伴随状语从句） He failed the exam although he worked hard.（让步状语从句）为了解决句子问题首先要将英语知识习得过程中可能遇到的所有问题分类，因为句子问题是所有问题的一个部分。这样做可以使我们清楚句子问题在整个英语学习中的地位。从问题存在的“地点”（也可视为问题的规模） 这一角度来看英语学习的问题可分为如下三类：（1） 单句问题：单句中各个句子成分间的关系问题或各个句子成分与担当这个句子成分的词汇之间关系的问题。（2） 句子问题：组成句子各个分句之间关系的问题。这种问题主要是分句之间逻辑关系的问题以及与之相关的关联词选择的问题。（3） 语篇问题：是组成整个语篇的各个句子是否符合整个语篇思想和行文是否流畅得问题。 从问题的规模和解决的先后顺序来划分，单句问题是内容问题，句子问题是单元问题，语篇问题是基本问题。从他们之间的关系中还可以不难看出，句子问题即是单句问题解决的目的又是语篇问题的解决的手段或必经之路，所以，句子问题又是重点问题和主要问题。解决句子问题实质上是通过对句子结构的分析确定组成句子各个分句之间的逻辑关系从而确定其含义的过程。一旦句子结构被弄清含义被确定，则任何句子问题将相应得以解决。句子问题的解决步骤如下：（1） 确定整个句子中“主语+谓语”结构，从而确定句子中单句及其个数。（2） 根据句法总则确定单据间的主从关系。（3） 根据主从句在主句中的语法功能确定具体是哪类主从关系。句子问题的解决所需的技能：（1） 对于上述步骤（1）要有能力从构成的角度将谓语动词和非谓语动词区分开来（参阅动词）。（2） 对于上述步骤（2）（3）要知道所有的引导词以及他们的功能。（参阅关连词）（3） 要知道一个“语言单位”在一个句子中能且只能担当一个句子成分，这也是确定句子结构的依据之一。（4） 要知道如何准确区分各种从句。分为三种情况，定语从句与同位语从句，定语从句与状语从句，名词性从句与状语从句的区分。现演示如下：4.1定语从句与同位语从句的区分I will tell you the news that he will study abroad.（同位语从句）I will tell you the news that you want most.（定语从句）Can you answer the question where you ll spend your vacation? （同位语从句）Can you answer the question which I asked you yesterday? （定语从句）A:当that为关系代词代替先行词在从句中作成分时为定语从句，当that 为连词时为同位语从句。B：当引导词代替先行词在从句中作成分时为定语从句，否则为同位语从句。4.2定语从句与状语从句的区分 I will tell you the time when I will come back.（定语从句）我将要告诉你我要回来的时间 I will tell you the time when I come back. （状语从句） 等我回来时告诉你时间。 He is such an outstanding student that we all like him. （状语从句） 他是如此出色的学生以至于我们都喜欢他。He is such an outstanding student