专业英语考试重点详解版.doc

专业英语考试资料翻译，共享出来，望大家消化吸收，取得好成绩。因本人水平所限，肯定会有翻译的不好的或者错误的地方，请大家积极拍砖（跟我联系也可以），谢谢。守贝1. 名词翻译VLSI（超大规模集成电路）, impedance（阻抗）, diode（二极管）, transistor（三极管）, MOSFET（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）, OP-AMP（放大器）, bandwidth（带宽）, gain（增益）, frequency response（频率响应）, rectifier（整流器）, distortion（失真，畸变）, filter（滤波器）, oscilloscope（示波器）, harmonics（谐波）, function-generator（函数发生器）, spectrum（频谱）, current density（电流密度）, power supply（电源，电源供应器）, node（节点）, compiler（编译器）, wafer（晶片）, memory（存储器，内存）, microprocessor（微处理器）, RISC（精简指令集计算）, laptop（笔记本电脑）, transient（瞬态）, steady（稳态）, servo（伺服，随动）, overshoot（超调量）, algorithm（算法）, FIR（有限脉冲响应）, capacity（电容）, RAM（随机存取存储器）, ROM（只读存储器）, embedded system（嵌入式系统）, data acquistion （数据采集） 2. 段落翻译In general, all materials may be classified in three major categories conductors, semiconductors, and insulators-depending upon their ability to conduct an electric current. The materials most often used in semiconductor devices are germanium and silicon. 通常，根据材料导电性能的不同，可分为三种类型导体，半导体和绝缘体。通常用于半导体器件的半导体材料是锗和硅。Conventional forms of resistor obey a straight line law when voltage is plotted against current and this allows us to use resistors as a means of converting current into a corresponding voltage drop, and vice versa. 当电压相对电流标绘时电阻通常遵从线性规律形式，可以把电阻作为电流转换成为相应压降的一种手段，反之亦然。The threshold voltage of a MOSFET is usually defined as the gate voltage where an inversion layer forms at the interface between the insulating layer (oxide) and the substrate (body) of the transistor. 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的阈值电压通常定义为形成在晶体管绝缘层(氧化层)和基质(主要部分)之间的表面上的反转层门电压。There are three ways of connecting a transistor, depending on the use to which it is being put. The ways are classified by the electrode that is common to both the input and the output. They are called: (a) common-base configuration (b) common-emitter configuration (c) common-collector configuration 晶体管的连接方式有三种，取决于它使用时怎样放置。通常以使用的输入极和输出极分类。它们分别是：(a)共基极 (b)共发射极 (c)共集电极。Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. 电子滤波器是能够执行信号处理功能的电路，特别是除去信号中不需要的信号频率成分，提高需要的频率成分，或者两者兼有。Oscilloscopes are probably most often used for direct measurement of the transient voltage signals occurring within equipment that directly depends on electricity for its operation, such as computers, automation controls, telephones, radios, television, power supplies, and many others.示波器大概是最常用于直接测量瞬态电压信号的设备，这些信号产生于运转直接依靠电流的设备，如计算机、自动控制仪器、电话、收音机、电视、电源和其他设备。 In electrical engineering, nodal analysis, node-voltage analysis, or the branch current method is a method of determining the voltage (potential difference) between nodes (points where elements or branches connect) in an electrical circuit. It is used to solve for the voltages and currents at any point in a circuit without working through many individual KCL or KVL rules.在电子工程领域，节点分析法、节点电压分析法或支路电流法是用来确定一个电路中电压(势差)和“节点”(那些点元素或分支连接)的一种的方法。它是用特定的基尔霍夫电流或电压定律来计算静态电路中任一点的电压和电流值。Digital systems are designed to store, process, and communicate information in digital form. They are found in a wide range of applications, including process control, communication systems, digital instruments, and consumer products. 设计数字系统用来以二进制形式储存、处理和交流信息。它们的应用非常广泛，包括过程控制、通信系统、数字仪器和一些消费产品。Processors use system memory to temporarily store the operating system, mission-critical applications, and the data they use and manipulate. Therefore, the performance of the applications and reliability of the data are intrinsically tied to the speed and bandwidth of the system memory. 处理器使用系统内存来暂存操作系统、关键应用任务，以及它们使用和操作的数据。因此，应用的性能和数据的可靠性本质上与系统内存的速度和带宽密切相关。An elaborate system of optics, servos, and signal decoding circuits allows data to be accessed within a second. ISO 9660(由于兼容 ISO -9660， 所以即使操作系统不支持 Rock Ridge， 也可以通过ISO-9660 查看) specifies the volume and file characteristics, allowing access through nearly any CD-ROM drive and operating system. Efforts of the Rock Ridge Group have extended the utility of ISO 9660 for UNIX systems and servers.一个完美的光学、伺服、信号解码电路系统可以在一秒钟内访问所有数据。依据ISO 9660文件系统，我们可以通过访问几乎任一个CD-ROM驱动和操作系统来访问文件的大小和特性。Rock Ridge的努力已经为UNIX系统和服务器扩展了ISO 9660适用范围。As of 2009, a PC may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer or a tablet computer. The most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, while the most common microprocessors are x86-compatible CPUs, ARM architecture CPUs and PowerPC（IBM和Apple公司联合生产的个人台式机） CPUs. Software applications for personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and E-mail clients and games. 在2009年，一台个人电脑可能是一个台式电脑，笔记本电脑或平板电脑。个人电脑最常见的操作系统是微软的Windows操作系统，苹果的Mac OS系统和Linux系统，而最常见的微处理器是与x86兼容的CPU，ARM架构的CPU和RISC架构的CPU。个人电脑的应用软件包括文字处理、电子表格、数据库、网络浏览器、电子邮件客户端和游戏。Many areas of computer science and electrical engineering are aiding these developments. Fast processors, high speed networks, large-capacity storage devices, new algorithms and data structures, graphics systems, innovative methods for human-computer interaction, real-time operating systems, object oriented programming, information storage and retrieval, hypertext and