英语语法被动语态.ppt

目录 被动语态的构成 被动语态的使用要点 同学们的问题 练习题 一.构成 英语中 有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 。 主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者， 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者， 其构成为be+过去分词。 eg. They will widen the road .（主动） The road will be widened.（被动） 一般时态进行时完成时 现在 am is asked are am is being asked are has been asked have 过去 was asked were was being asked were had been asked 将来 shall will shall have been asked will 过去将来 should be asked would should have been asked would (一)1被动语态各种时态形式表 2 情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的谓语变为被动态时，结构为： 一般形式：情态动词（can,could,may,must,might,must,should,need 等)+be+过去分词 完成式：情态动词（can,could,may,must,might,must,should,need等 )+have+过去分词 eg. This can be done by hand. The project might have been completed earlier. . They shouldnt have been told about the plan. 3 祈使句的被动态 （1）肯定祈使句的被动语态结构为： let+宾语+be+过去分词 （2）否定祈使句的被动语态结构为： dont let+宾语+be+过去分词= let+宾语+not+be+过去分词 eg. Let us do it at once. (Let it be done at once.) Dont forget to water the flowers. (Let it not be forgotten to water the flowers. =Dont let the flowers be forgotten to be watered.) Note:1.疑问代词作主语时，改为被动语态要用“By+特殊疑问句”结 构 eg. Who invented the machine? (By whom was the machine invented?) 2.疑问代词作宾语时，改为被动语态要用疑问代词作主语 eg. What have you done to improve the quality? (What has been done by you to improve the quality?) 3反问疑问词改为被动语态时，把宾语改为主语 eg. He can jump over the wall, cant he? (The wall can be jumped over by him, cant it? 二 被动语态的使用要点 1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态 appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, belong to ,break out, take place 等都属 于此类动词 Eg. Great changes have been taken place in my hometown. Great changes have taken place in my hometown.（正确） 2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态 英语中有些动词（短语动词）表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有，容纳，适合， 缺少，明白”等意，这类动词不能用于被动语态，常见的有： lack, fit, mean, hold, have, cost, resemble（与.相似）,last, become, contain, fail等。 Eg. The book costs 10 yuan. Her mother is resemble by Jane.(误） Jane resembles her mother.（正） Note: （1）当have作吃，接受，经历，度过解时，虽然用作行为动词，但一 般不用于被动语态。 eg. The children had a most enjoyable holiday.（ 正） A most enjoyable holiday was had by the children.（误） （2）但当have 作得到，获得，欺骗解，或同某些 介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时，可用于 被动语态。 eg. She has been had in the dealing (over the bargain). The ticket can be had for the asking.票索要即可。 3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义，常见的这类词有： bake, owe(欠), brew, cook, print, bind(绑), do等。 eg. The meat is cooking. The tea is brewing. A new film is showing in town. 4.词组动词的被动态 （1）一般词组动词的被动态 词组动词有三种基本形式，即“动词+介词”、“动词+副词小品词”、“动词+副词小 品词+介词”，当它们用作及物动词时，一般可以变为被动态。这时，词组动词应 视为一个单词及物动词，其后的介词或副词小品词不可略去。 eg. a)动词+介词,如look after ,look into, talk about: The children are well looked after. b)动词+副词小品词,如set up, put off, bring about: The sports meet is to be put off. c)动词+副词小品词+介词,如do away with, face up to, put up with: That sort of thing should be done away with. (2)”动词+名词+介词”的被动态 这类词有take care of, make a mess of, pay attention to等。这 类词组动词由主动态换为被动态时通常有两种形式，一种是把 整个词组动词当做一个及物动词处理。 eg. He took great care of his books. His books were taken great care of. 第二种形式是把词组动词看做“动词+宾语+介词词组”结构处理 eg. He took great care of his books. Great care was taken of his books. 注意：采用第二种时要把整个介词词组放到被动语态的后面。 eg. They had made a mess of the house.（主动句） The house had been made a mess of .（被动句，第一种 形式） A mess had been made of the house.（被动句，第二种 形式） 注：不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动 语态 1）不及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的，故可 用于被动语态（注意不可省掉漏掉介词或副词），如 win over, give up, ask for, make mention of等。但是 ，不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的，也可以是 不及物性的；不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态 ，如look up/down, speak for等。 The fact speaks for itself. 这一事实不言自明.（正） Itself is spoken for by the fact.（误） 2）不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被 动语态 She was much looked up to for her kindnesses.他因多行善事 而受人尊敬。 3）pay attention to，take care of等短语动词可以有两种被动语 态形式。 The situation has been paid attention to. Attentions have been paid to the situation. 5主动形式表示被动意义的词 1)某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如:look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等 The flower smells sweet.花闻起来很香。 The dish tastes delicious.菜吃起来非常可口。 2）某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加副词）也可以表示被动意 义，如： wash,write,smell,read,open,cut,lock,peel,pack,paly,shut,spot, split等。 This type of recorder sells well.这种型号的录音机销路很好。 比较： The box does not lock.这个箱子锁不上。（箱子本身的性 质） The box was not locked.（箱子当时的状态） 3)want,deserve,need,require,repay,stand,take,wont bear和worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动性时表示被 动意义 这时，动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系，若动名词是不 及物的，后面还应有适当的介词。 The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。 This point deserves mentioning.这一点值得提到。 6.被动语态结构和系表结构的比较 ”be+过去分词“可以是被动语态结构，也可以是系动词+系表结构，其区别在 于：被动语态表示动作;而系表结构则表示主语的特点.状态或性质。比较： The gate to the garden was closed by a girl.花园的门被一个女孩关上了。 （被动语态强调动作） The gate to the garden was closed.花园的门关着。（系表结构强调状态） 1）如果过去分词前有too， very， so等程度副词修饰，该结构为系表结构 。 The man was too frightened to stand up. I am very surprised at your words. 2）如果过去分词前有后有much (too much, so much, very much)修饰，该 结构为被动语态 She was discouraged too much to make another try. 3)-ed 被动语态，-en 系表结构 有些动词的过去分词有两种形式，一般说来，以不规则形式的分词或-ed结 尾的分词构成被动语态，以-en结尾的分词构成系表结构。比较： She was struck by a snake.(被动） She was stricken with fever.（系表） 4）一般现在时的“be+过去分词”为系表结构，因为被动语态不常用一 般现在时（只有表示经常性.习惯性或多次重复的动作，或讲述科学真 理时才用一般现在时被动语态）。比较： The matter was decided at the meeting.(被动） The matter is decided.(系表） 其他如： The field is covered with snow. 5)名词+ed构成的词如diseased, talented, skilled等，以及由过去 分词如unexpected, unwritten, unbroken等，虽形为过去分词， 但实为形容词。这类次出现在be后只能是系表结构。例如： Her leaving was unexpected. 6)be+不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构 有些不及物动词（包括个别及物动词）的过去分词说明动作产生 后的结果或状态，同be连用为系表结构，表示主动意义。这类词 常见的有：go, come, become, arrive, set, gather, fade, stop, do, agree, read, mistake, retire, return, flee, bear, change, advance等。例如： Her money is all gone.他的钱都花光了。 Note:(1)be+root,accustom,unite,graduate,strand( 搁浅）,tilt（使倾斜）等过去分词亦属系表结构，表示 主动意义。例如： There boat was stranded on the rock.他们的船撞上 礁石搁浅了。 (2)be+过去分词结构表示主语的状态时，不能带有疑问 副词when, where,也不可有明显的时间或地点状语。 下面两句是错误的： She is to be retired next month.(应改为is to retire) I dont know when the flower was faded(应改为 faded） 7)remain,fell,lie,stand等+过去分词，为系表结构，这 种结构表示“状态” The door remained closed all day.门整天都关着。 8）grow, become等+过去分词为系表结构，这种结构 表示“转变” She grew irritated.她变的不耐烦了。 7不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省 在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足 语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带 to。例如： I saw her pass by the window. She was seen to pass by the window. The boss made Jim work overtime. Jim was made to work overtime. 8十一类不能变为被动语态的句子结构 1）如果动词的宾语是反身代词或相互代词，不可变为被动语态 The girl can already dress herself. They often help each other. 但可以说：Each is helped by the other. 2)如果动词的宾语为主语身体的一部分，不可变为被动语态 On hearing the news he couldnt believe his ears. He shook his head at my suggestion. 但也有例外，这里，被动语态不涉及到行为的发出者。例如： Her eyes were fixed upon the picture. 3)如果动词的宾语是用同源宾语或是表示行为.态度的宾语，不可变为被动语 态 She dreamt a sweet dream. He nodded assent (assent表示一种态度 ） 但也有例外;Life must be lived.日子总得过。 4)某些动词和宾语构成一个固定词组，不能变为被动语态 常见的有：speak ones mind, lose ones heart, do ones best, make a face ,keep words, take ones place ,make up ones mind, make room, make a scene（吵架）,make believe（假装），take ones time ,take ones leave（告辞）等。 有些 “动词+名词+介词”也不可用于被动语态，如:set foot on, keep company with, take leave of, give ear to等。例如 ： She caught a very bad cold. He ate his words.他违背了 自己的诺言 5）如果enter reach leave等的宾语是表示处所.地点（国家. 团体.组织.军队等），不能变为被动语态 He left the army in 2002. She entered the hall gracefully. 6)如果动词的宾语是动名词或不定式，不能变为被动语态 He likes to watch sunrise on the veranda. 但少数已名词化的动名词可用于被动语态；feel, think等少 数动词以不定式作宾语时，可变为以it作形式主语的被动语 态。例如：Almost everybody likes swimming. Swimming is liked by almost everybody。 7)如果谓语时态是将来进行时或完成进行时，不能变为被动语态。 She will be watering the garden this time tomorrow. 8)表示重量，大小，数量，长度，程度的名词宾语不可变为被动语 态。 The stone weighs a ton.(正) A ton was weighed by the stone.(误) 9)含有had rather, would rather 或情态动词dare的句子不可变为被动语 态。 I would rather do it now.（正） It would rather be done by me now.（误） 但可以说It had better be done now. He dare not do it.（正） It dare not be done.（误） 10）虚指it作宾语时不可变为被动语态的主语 He will fight it out.（正） It will be fought out by him.（误） 11）have作行为动词用时，一般不可变为被动语态。 He has had lunch.（正） Lunch has been had by him.(误) 但少数习惯用法中有例外： I think youre been had 我想你上当了。（had=tricked) 9.双重被动语态 双重被动句指的是：句中谓语动词和其后的不定时均为被动结构， 句子主语即使谓语动词的承受者，又是不定式动作的承受者。下面 三种句子可以变为双重被动句： 主语+谓语动词+不定式+宾语 主语+谓语动词+that从句 主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定时被动式 She offered to buy a recorder for me. A recorder was offered to be bought for me.(正） A recorder was offered to buy for me.（误) Note: intend hope decide suggest propose imply announce 等后虽然可跟that从句，但不可变为双重被动式，只可改为由it作 形式主语。例如： He decided that we should leave during the night. It was decided that we should leave during the night.(正） We were decided to leave during the night。（误） 10.被动语态的使用范围 1).不知道或不必指出动作的执行者 The glass is broken. The audience is asked to keep silence. 2.)强调动作的承受着 A subway will be built in the city. 3).出于策略，婉转，礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 Any suggestion or criticism are heartily appreciated. You are cordially invited to the ceremony.热忱邀请阁下参加这次典 礼。 4).避免变更主语，以求行文通顺 She gave a lecture on modern American poetry and attentively listened to. 5.)It+be+过去分词+that从句 这是一种惯用结构，常用的动词有：say report expect allege prove suppose等。例如： It is reported that gold has been found there.据报道那里发现了黄 金。 6.)Be+过去分词+不定式 Its supposed to be most valuable.据说它非常有价值。 He is considered to be an authority in the field.他被认为是这个领 域的权威。 7.)There+be+过去分词 There is said to be a secret tunnel beneath the building. 据说这 栋大楼下面有一条秘密通道。 Note:1.有些时候，被动语态会给人一种冷淡.疏远.公事公办的感觉， 或者可信度并不那么强。比较： Aunt is taking care of the child.(主动.熟悉.亲切) The child is being taken care of.(被动.疏远.冷淡） 2.被动句中的by短语通常可以省略去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所 在，或者没有by短语则句意不完全时，则不可省略。 The tool was made by my father. (the tool为已知事物，my father为新的信息，是重点所在，不可省） 3.在被动句中，by短语通常位于过去分词之后；但如果有间接宾语或 同其他壮语并列使用时，则by短语通常位于其后。例; She was given a new pen by her father. 下面一句把to her sister放在句尾，是对其进行强调，为尾重句： The cap was given by me to her sister. 问题 1.被动语态是否可以应用于各种时态？（见课件） 2.在哪些情况下，主动句一般不能变为被动句？（ 见“十一类不能变为被动语态的句子结构”） 3.在哪些场合下，主动与被动态没有区别？ （1）在主动结构表被动意义中动词的进行时表被 动意义的场合下没区别。 Eg. The house is building.=The house is being built. The book is printing.=The book is being printed. (2)有些不定式中，主动态与被动态没有区别。 Eg. This is too important a matter to leave/to be left until tomorrow. There is so much work to do/to be done. 4. 哪些场合下，习惯用不定式主动语态而不用被 动语态，尽管不定式的逻辑主语时动作的承受者 ？ 不定式作定语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语、间接 宾语或说话人时，不定式用主动形式表达被动意 义。例如： She has an old grandfather to look afte