从句与主谓一致.docVIP

定语从句与名词从句 除了并列连接词与引导状语从句从属连接词外，英语中连接定语从句与名词从句的关联词也十分重要，使用中必须特别注意。I. 定语从句1.定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that或关系副词when, where, why, how等引导。who, whom, whose指人；which指事或物；that指人或物。关系代词或关系副词除连接句子外，还要代指它们所修饰的中心词并在句子中作一个成分。一般来说，关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语或定语；关系副词作状语。还要注意从句中的谓语动词要与中心词在人称和数上保持一致。例如：There are many people who want to see the film.The letter that I received yesterday was from my uncle.The young man whom we met in the street is my classmate.Do you know the reason why she is absent?Is there anyone here whose name is Li Ping?How can she forget the day when she joined the Party?Example:He often tells stories _.a. what people laugh at b. which people laughc. that people laugh at d. at what people laughSam knows a biologist _ owns a well-equipped laboratory.a. whom b. who c. by whom d. to whomTake those apples which _ are a bit green.a. we realize b. consequently c. it seems d. nevertheless2.带前置词的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词which, whom除了在定语从句中作动词宾语外，还可以作介词宾语，引出带前置词的定语从句。用哪个介词要根据搭配需要而定。这种定语从句的结构有以下两种：(1)从句由“介词+which”（表示事或物）或“介词+whom”（表示人）构成。例如：The factory in which I worked is a radio factory.The man to whom she is speaking is our English teacher.I shall never forget the day on which I became a League member.在这一句型中，介词也可以位于从句中的原来位置上，即位于从句中动词之后，有时可省略关系代词。如：This is one of the urgent problems you must deal with.The student whom we are talking about has been admitted to a university.Example:I cannot support a policy _which I have never approved.a. to b. with c. for d. ofWords are little windows _ we can look into the past.a. that b. which c. by it d. through whichCan you lend me the dictionary _ the other day?a. about that you talked b. that you talked aboutc. which you talked d. that you talked该种从句是测试的重点，其难点在于如何选择介词，通常有以下方法可帮助选介词：一，掌握好常用介词的基本词义；二，熟知动词、形容词与介词固定搭配，在作题时，一定注意是否有固定搭配；三，查阅字典。(2)定语从句由“名词（或代词）+of +which（或whom）构成。例如：Transistors the size of which is small are much used today.Copper the resistance of which is very low serves as a good conductor.Example:The citizens, _. Welcomed the new legislation.a. most of them were workers b. most of whom were workersc. most of whose were workers d. most of who were workersMt. Everest, the peak _ is hardly seen, is the highest mountain in the world.a. of whose b. which c. of which d. that3.限制性与非限制性定语从句定语从句又分限制性与非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是主句中的中心词不可缺少的定语，如果省略了它，主句的意思就不明确或不完整。它与主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号与主句分开。例如：Shanghai is the place where the great Communist Party of China was born.Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.语言是人们交流的工具。非限制性定语从句只起对主句中的中心词作附加说明的作用，如果省略了它，主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念。它与主句的关系不十分密切，所以它与主句之间必须用逗号分开。例如：Man can not live on the moon, where there is no air and water.The problem, which is complicated, has been solved.In our class there are forty students, many of whom will work in the mine.His father, to whom you spoke, is a steel worker.Example:Mrs. Nolan will move into her new house next Monday, _ it will be completely furnished.a. by which time b. by that time c. by this time d. by the timeMy brother, _ lives in Iceland, is coming to visit us.a. which b. that c. whom d. whoHe met my mother, from _ he got the news of my marriage.a. who b. whom c. which d. whose4.关系代词的省略在限制性定语从句中，关系代词可以省略。省略关系代词主要有以下几种情况：(1)关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如：The experiment (that) we made yesterday was accurate.(2)关系代词在从句中作宾语，先行词为all, anything, something, everything, nothing, much, little, that时，多数人认为只能用 “that”，而不能用 “which”和 “what”，且 “that”常常省略。例如：Is there anything I can do for you?All he told me is this.Much he teaches us here will be remembered forever.(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词first, second等修饰时，或受all, any, last, next, no, only, very等修饰时可以省略。例如：I gave him all the dictionaries I have.There is no difficulty we cant overcome.Thats the best film Ive ever seen.This is the very book you want.(4)当先行词为direction, distance, sequence, times(倍数),way 等词时可以省略。例如：The direction a force is acting can be changed.Do you know the way current is measured?(5)当there be结构作定语时或关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略。例如：The 8:00 is the faster train there is to Shanghai.That is the only book there is on the subject.注：在上述情况下，关系代词多用that，当关系代词在从句中作宾语时常被省略。在该类试题中，如果既给出which又给出that供选择时，应以选that为正确答案。Example:The radio set _ has gone out of order.a. I bought is for her b. which I bought it for her c. I bought for her d. what I bought for herYou can take everything _ useful.a. you find b. which you find c. what you find d. that find5.As引出的定语从句As常与主句中的the same或such搭配，引出定语从句。从句中的谓语常省略。例如：The speed of light waves is the same as that of radio waves.We only discussed such questions as concern everyone of us at the meeting.He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.Dont make the same mistake as I did.Example:“Michael is home after a year in Jordan.” “Yes, and he looks just _ before.”a. same like b. as same as c. the same d. the same asDont talk about such things _ you do not understand.a. that b. which c. as d. those6.修饰整个句子的定语从句关系代词which和as有时引出修饰整个主句的定语从句，which与as代表整个主句所讲的内容，这种定语从句为非限制性定语从句，用逗号与主句分开。as引导的这种定语从句位置比较灵活。例如：She lost all her money, which made her very unhappy.As we know, cutting metals is a physical change.As mentioned above, matter has three state.Plastics are light and strong, which has led to its wide application in industry.Example:The sun heats the earth, _ is very important to living things.a. that b. what c. which d. whereThe size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.a. as b. what c. that d. whom II名词从句1.名词从句是指主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句而言。名词从句在句中起名词作用。其中除同位语从句主要由从属连词that引导外，其他三种从句主要由下列关联词引导：(1)由从属连词that（无意义）,whether（是否）, if（是否，只引导宾语从句）引导。从属连接词只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，that在宾语从句中有时可以省略，例如：That electricity is an important form of energy is known to all.Whether we will go or not remains undecided.She told me that she was willing to do that job.We dont know if he will promise to do just as we say.The question is whether he is able to fulfil the task alone.There is no doubt that action and reaction must take place between two objects.注：当if与 whether引导名词性从句时，要注意以下区分：a)引导主语从句只能用whether，不用 if。b)在宾语从句中如接有or not时，一般常用 whether，不用 if。例如：I wonder whether he will go with us or not.c)如果在宾语从句中谓语出现否定式时，一般常用if，不用 whether。在少数 whether引导的宾语从句中出现否定式，则表示一种相当强烈的肯定意味。例如：I wonder whether she does not know. (I suppose she must have known.)d)介词后面一般whether，不用 if。例如：My departure will depend upon whether I get leave or not.Example:He asked me _.had I received the check and cashed itb. whether I had received the check and whether I had cashed itwhether I had received or not the check and if so, did I cash itif I had received the check and did I cash itI have an idea _he will join in the debate.a. as to that b. on that c. that d. to thatThe reason I didnt go to France was _ a new job.a. because I got b. because of getting c. due to d. that I got(2)由连接词who, whoever, whom, what, whatever, which等引出。连接词除起连接作用外，并在从句中做一个成分。例如：Who will not keep a penny never shall have many. (proverb)Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.This is what I am eager to do.Example:He gave _ came into the room a newly-published textbook.whom b. whomever c. whoever d. to whoeverWell never give in _ they may do or say.despite b. however c. whatever d. no matter“Why did you go to the wrong class, Mr. Wang?” “Well, I forgot _ I was supposed to go to.”which the room b. which room c. what was the room d. what room was it(3)由连接词when, where, why, how等引导，连接副词除起连接作用外，并在从句中作状语。例如：When and where we will have the meeting has been decided.How the solar energy is changed into power is not easy.Do you know why he changed his mind?We should always think of how we could do more for the people.What I want to know is when we shall begin the work.Example:“What is that building?” “_ the garden equipment is stored.”Theres in which b. Thats where c. the building that d. Thats the building which_ always arrive late I dont know.a. Why should you b. What should you c. Which you should d. Why you should2.主语从句的特有句型有时，主语从句放在句首显得头重脚轻，往往用it作形式主语放在句首而把主语从句移至句末，这样使句子结构清楚，便于叙述。根据这种句型的谓语结构不同可有以下几种：（1）It is +形容词+主语从句It is correct what the Party says.It is necessary that we combine theory with practice.（2）It is+名词+主语从句It is a law in science that energy cannot be created or destroyed.It is a truth that the sun rises in the east.（3）It+不及物动词+主语从句It seems that this method is simple.It follows that action and reaction involve two objects.（4）It is+过去分词+主语从句It is well known that rockets can get into space.It is said that we will build two more laboratories before long.Example:It is imperative _.that you shall arrive here in time b. that you must arrive here in timec. that you could arrive here in time d. that you arrive here in time_ that not all government officials are honest.It seems to me b. In my opinion, I believe c. My believing is d. I think in my mind3.It is (was ).that.强调句型该句型主要表示强调语气，如果强调的对象是人可以用It is (was).who (或whom). ；强调对象是事也可用It is (was).which. ，但强调状语时必须用 It is (was).that.。例如：It is the Party that leads us from victory to victory.It was Comrade Li who helped us with our lessons.It was not until five oclock that it stopped raining.在该句型中连接词的选择也很重要，放在该节一起练习。Example:“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?”“No, _ only the two passengers who got hurt.”a. it was b. there is c. it were d. there wasIt is because she is too inexperienced _ she does not know how to deal with the situation.a. so b. that c. so that d. therefore 谓语和主语的一致主语和谓语动词之间数的一致是英语中最重要的一致关系。一般说来，主要的单、复数形式决定着谓语动词所采取的相应形式。例如：Comrade Zhou Enlai was a great Marxist.My home town is a beautiful mountain city.We know that light is a variety of radiant energy. 但在实际使用上往往会遇到复杂的情况。通常一个句子中主、谓语的一致有三个原则：语法一致，概念一致与毗邻一致。分别叙述如下： I. 谓语动词用单数在下列情况中，谓语动词用单数。1.当each, one, the other, another, either, neither,或由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Each of us has something to say.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.Neither of them wants to go with you.Everything is nice in your garden.(proverb)王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。Either of the books is interesting.注：许多语法书上都认为在 “neither of.” “either of.”结构中，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，但在TOEFL考试中要求用单数。Example:One of these books _ to my friend.a. belong b. belongs c. to belong d. are belongedEach of the suspects _.have been arrested b. was arrested c. are arrested d. were arrestedNeither of us _ to undertake the responsibility.a. wants b. want c. have wanted d. are wanting2.由many a修饰的名词后的谓语动词用单数。被each, every, no和many a 修饰的两个主语由and相连时，动词仍用单数。例如：Many a student fails to pass in the examination.Each man and woman has the same right.Every boy and every girl has the right to education in China.注：many a修饰的名词用单数。Example:Every soldier and civilian _ given military training.a. shall be b. is c. are d. wereMany a linguistics scholar _ it difficult to teach his subject.a. finds b. have found c. are finding d. were found3.由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语，如果指同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：Chinas iron and steel industry is developing at a high speed.The general engineer and factory director is to give us a report.The worker and teacher has always been good to us.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (proverb)只用功不游戏，聪明孩子也变傻。注：当指同一概念时，后一个名词前不加冠词。Example:If law and order _, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.a. is not preserved b. are not preserved c. have not been preserved d. were not preserved4.当集合名词如family, crew, class, crowd, committee, audience, team, army等作为整体看待作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：His family is a big one.The committee is made up of members.Example:The crew for the liner _ exceptionally large.a. are b. were c. is d. has5.表示时间、重量、长度、价值、数目等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Twenty years is only a very short span in human history.Fifty kilos is a long distance.Two plus two is four.Example:Five thousand pounds _ a lot of money.a. are b. is c. have been d. has beenTen minutes _ a long time for one who waits.a. is b. are c. will be d. were6.有些名词如equipment, furniture, information, homework, matter, money, smoke, music, luggage, advice, work等总是单数形式。这些词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：All matter is composed of atoms.Homework makes me tired.Our furniture is getting old.Example:All the _ true.a. information is b. information are c. informations are d. informations is7.以-s结尾的一些名词如news, physics, mathematics, phonetics, apparatus等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如；Mathematics is the language of science.Physics is my favorite subject.Example:Politics _ one of the main subjects that we study.a. are b is c. has d. shall be8.主语从句作主语（what引导的主语从句除外）时，谓语动词用单数。例如：That electricity is a form of energy is known to all.When and where you will go for practice has not been decided.Example:Whether or not he gets the money _.a. dont concern anyone b. doesnt concern me c. wasnt important d. didnt bother me9.单一的动名词或动名词短语、不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。例如：Seeing is believing. (proverb)To build a socialist spiritual civilization is a task for the whole Party and the common task of our people in all fields of endeavor.Example:Writing stories and articles _ what I enjoy most.a. is b. are c. were d. have been10.all指物时谓语用单数；the number之后的动词用单数。例如：All I know is what I have seen in the press.The number of students is not large.Example:Josephs car has a flat tire. _ now is to walk to the nearest telephone.That he can do b. What he can do so c. All he can do d. He can doThe number of people who gathered there _ uncountable.a. where b. was c. be d. had11.当一个复数名词作书刊、诗集或报纸名称时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a popular reading with the young people.天方夜谭是受青年人欢迎的读物。Aesop Fables is widely read by the pupils.小学生广泛阅读伊索寓言。Example:The Canterbury Tales _ written by Chaucer.a. has been b. were c. was d. had been12.“A+名词+and a half” 或“one and a half+复数名词”的结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：A year and a half has passed.One and a half weeks is needed to finish the job. II. 谓语动词用复数在下列情况下谓语动词用复数。1.由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语，表示不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。例如：My brother and I work in the same plant.Mary, May and Lili are good friends.Love and poverty are hard to hide.Example:A round and a square table _ in the shop window.a. was exhibited b. was exhibiting c. were exhibited d. were exhibiting2.few, both, many, several等作主语，谓语用复数。例如：Few of them speak French.Several of the cups in the set were smashed in delivery.Example:_ were closed down owing to the economic depression.a. Both these company b. Both of these companiesc. These both companies d. These both company3.people, police, militia, cattle, public, nation, majority, dozen, score等词作主语时，动词用复数。例如：The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.The police are looking for the lost child.The majority of people were for the plan.Example:The auxiliary police _ to report to head quarters immediately.a. are required b. is required c. requires d. required4.all指人时动词用复数。例如：All are present.All of us are going to see the film.Example:_ to the Exhibition.a. All but he and I are going b. All but he and I am goingc. All but he and me are going d. All but him and I are going5.none作主语时，谓语常用复数；但作为单数概念看待时，也可用单数。例如：None of them are teachers.None is more qualified for the task than he.Example:You said the books were on the desk but _ there.there was no one b. there were nonec. there were no ones d. was none6.某些集合名词如family, crew, class, crowd, committee, audience, team等就其所代表的各个成员来考虑时，动词用复数。例如：The family are very pleased about the news of his success.The committee agree to discuss our plan.Example:The audience _ taking their seats in the music hall.a. was b. is c. have been d. are7.所有由两部分组成的物体的名称，当不用量词时，动词用复数。例如：My spectacles were broken by my son.His trousers are worn out.Example:The shoes _ you well.a. fit b. is fitting c. fits d. not fit这类词常见的有：scissors(剪刀), scales(天平), gloves(手套), slippers(拖鞋), trousers(裤子),spectacles(眼镜), tongs(火夹子)8.有些以-s结尾的名词如mathematics, politics, phonetics, dialectics等，当它们的前面有定冠词the，形容词性物主代词my, your, her等或such这类形容词时，动词要用复数。例如：The materialistic dialectics are an important subject.Your mathematics are not so good.Example:His politics _ neither conservative nor liberal. a. is b. was c. are d. have III. 按一定规则判定谓语动词的单、复数 在下述情况下，谓语动词是用单数还是用复数，要按一定的规则来判定。1.在There be句型中，根据后的第一个主语的单、复数来确定谓语动词的数。如果主语是几个并列的单数名词时，则谓语用复数。例如：There is no water in the cup.There are 107known elements.There is a book and three pencils on the desk.There are a chair, a table and a bookcase in the room.Example:Im afraid _ nothing I can do about it.a. it is b. that is c. is b. there isIn the room_ an arm-chair, a table, and a desk.a. there have b. there is c. there are d. there was2.当两个主语用as well as, as much as, no less than, rather than连接或主语后跟介词with,together with, along with, accompanied by, but, besides, like, except, in addition to, including等时，谓语动词的人称和数与其前面的主语一致。例如：Asia as well as other continents has very rich natural resources.The two boys with a basket are on the way to the farm.The airport, together with the entire Midwestern United States, was hit by the worst storm.No one except you kn