常考点清单定语从句和名词性从句.docx

常考点清单一 定语从句一、限制性与非限制性定语从句(一)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如：He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；2who(主语)，whom(宾语)，which(主语，宾语)不能用that代替，也不能互相替换；3在“介词+which/whom从句”结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4when，where可用于非限制性定语从句中。题组训练 句型转换：That is his father, and he works in Shanghai.=That is his father, _ works in Shanghai.I like the boy, who is very lovely.= I like the boy, _ is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting.= He told me a story yesterday, _ I think is very interesting.二、关系代词的用法(一)关系代词的作用和分类1关系代词的作用有三个：(1)连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把从句和主句连接起来；(2)替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；(3)成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。2关系代词的用法分类：格词代系关句从用于限制性和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词whowhichthat宾格词who(m)属格词whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhichwhose关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：(1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；(2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；(3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。(二)关系代词that和which的用法1限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：(1)当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。如：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要说的吗?You should hand in all that you have你应该把你有的都交上。(2)当先行词前面有the only，the very(恰恰，正好)，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。如：This is the Very bus that Im waiting for这就是我正在等的公交车。The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money 我们能做的唯一的事情就是给你一些钱。(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best that has been used against pollution这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。What is the first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么?(5)当先行词既有人又有物时如：Do you know the things and persons that they ale talking about?你知道他们谈论的人和事吗?(6)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如：Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车?Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁?(7)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。如：They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这座工厂生产可能造成污染的东西。(8)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。如：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。2当先行词指事/物时，定语从句中必须用which的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。如：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.海伦对最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这一点当然让他们很嫉妒。(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。如： This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking题组训练 用关系代词that或which填空：Is there anything _ you dont understand about the problem?The worst matter _ Im afraid of happened in the end.All the presents _ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.This is the very book _ I have been looking for.He was late for the opening ceremony, _ was very surprising to me.(三)关系代词Who，whom，出at和whose的用法当先行词指人：在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，不可省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，可以省略；在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。如：She is the girl wh0/that lives next door。(先行词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach(先行词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我教的女孩。This is the scientist whose achievements are well known(先行词在定语从句中作定语)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.= This is the house, the window of which broke last night.= This is the house, of which the window broke last night.(注意黑体部分的形式和顺序)这就是昨晚窗户被打坏的那所房子。题组训练 用关系代词who，whom，that或whose填空：Lu Xun, _ real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays.The man _ you met just now is my old friend.The man _ is walking on the playground is my old friend.A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan.(四)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词+which/whom。1当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或 whom，并且不能省略。如：He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户，这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上，她没有一个可以求助的人。2在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如：这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。3“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如：He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。4介词+which/whom+不定式结构The poor man has no house in which to live= The poor man has no house to live in= The poor man has no house in which he can live那个穷人没房子住。The beggar has no money with which to buy food= The beggar has no money to buy food with= The beggar has no money that he can buy food with.那个乞丐没钱买吃的。题组训练 单项填空：Mrs. Lee will move into the new house next Monday, _ it will be completely finished.A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the timeHave you seen the book _ is. yellow?A. the cover of it B. which cover C. the Cover of which D. whichs coverFranks dream is to have his own garden _ many beautiful flowers.A. in it to produce B. which produceC. it produces D. in which to produce(五)关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was 他和过去不同了。(as作表语)注意：suchas引导的定语从句与suchthat引导的状语从句的区别：He is such a clever boy as everyone likes(定语从句)他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him(状语从句)他是如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。第一个句子为定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二句为状语从句，从句不缺任何成分。2such assuch为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。如：This book is not such as I expect这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)(六)关系代词as，which的区别1as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。如：The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect结果天气很好，超出了我们的预料。2当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.= The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.= It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.= What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.众所周知，月亮每月绕地球转一次。后两句属名词性从句范畴。另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is wellknown=as is known to all众所周知；as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样；as often happens正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。3当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。(1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected).他迟到了，这是意料之外的。(2)当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态如：be known，be said，be reposed，be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：She has been absent again，as is expected她又缺席了，这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress，which makes me very happy汤姆进步很快，这使我很高兴。(3)as常用在as(it)seems likely，as(it)often happens，as(it) was printed out，as(it)was said earlier，as I remember(it)，as I understand(it)，as(it)appears等结构中。如：Jack has won the first prizeas it often happens像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic literatureas it appears from her essay她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。(4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义。如：David is tall，as are my brothers(=and 80 are my brothers)戴维很高，我的兄弟们也一样。He opposed the ideaas could be expected不出所料，他反对这个意见。(5)当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用 which引导定语从句。如：Betty always tells a lie，which her parents find strange贝蒂总是说谎，她的父母觉得奇怪。题组训练 用as，which，it，what，that填空：He is such a lovely student _ everyone likes.He is such a lovely student _ everyone likes him. _ is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world. _ is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world. _ is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.That student that the teacher thinks best played truant(逃学) yesterday, _ made the teacher very disappointed.三、关系副词的用法(一)当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中 when=表时间的介词(如：in，at，during等)+which；where=表地点的介词(如：in，at，on，under等)+which；why=表原因的介词(如： for)+which；how=表方式的介词(如：in)+which。如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when= on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。Can you tell me the office Where he works? (where=in which)你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?(二)介词+关系代词(which)=where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。如：China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.中国是风筝的故乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。(三)高考对关系副词where的考查高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的where，名词性从句中的where都有这种有法。如：Where will all this trouble lead?这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果?That is where you are mistaken那就是你的错误所在。题组训练 用适当的关系词填空：We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer.I can think of many cases _ students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.I can think of many cases _ you know nothing about.四、关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词；若从句中缺状语，那么必须用关系副词。试比较下面的句子：(1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2) Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中，定语从句中缺宾语，因此须用关系代词that/ which来引导从句；在句(2)中，定语从句中缺时间状语，因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。题组训练 用that，when，why，where，which填空： I want to know the date _ you were born.I have forgotten the date _ you told me.Do you know the reason _ he is absent today?That is the reason _ I want to know.This is the factory _ his father works.This is the factory _ his father built.五、定语从句用法的其他要点(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。1one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。如：The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。2the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。注意：not the only one of=one of如：Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. = Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.汤姆并非唯一通过考试的男孩。=汤姆只是通过考试的男孩中的一个。3当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.他通过了高考，这让父母很高兴。4其他情况：I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我你的老师，将尽全力帮助你。To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.家里有台电脑，在20年前我们认为不可能的事，现在变成真事儿了。题组训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空：He is one of the students who _ (have) passed the exam.He is the only one of the students who _ (have)passed the exam.He is not the only one of the students who _ (have) passed the exam.I, who _ (be) very busy, cant help them at the moment.As _ (be) known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.The idea, which I think _ (be) reasonable, was brought up by Professor Li yesterday.I still remember the teachers and the school that _ (be) talked of yesterday evening.(三)注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：said it.最让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。2先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句。如：This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。I could hardly remember how many times(that) Ive failed.我几乎记不清曾失败过多少次了。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。题组训练 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：I dont like the way _ you laugh at her.This is the second time _ I have been here.Can you still remember the time _ we spent together in our childhood?The first time _ he saw her, he fell in love with her.常考点清单一答案 Who because/for he whichthat that that that which whose who/ whom/that who/that whose A C D as that What It As which when where that/which/不填 when that/which why/for which that/which where that/which have has have am is is were that/in which/不填 that/不填 that/which/不填 that/不填常考点清单二 名词性从句一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构：以that引导的从句；以whether/if引导的从句；以特殊疑问词引导的从句；以what或wh-ever等连接代词引导的名词性关系从句。此外，as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表：宾语从句主语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语表语从句同位语从句that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时只用whether用whether/if均可，但有区别只用whether只用whether只用whether特殊疑问词注意语序要用陈述语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述语序题组训练 完成下列句子：Can you tell me _ (我如何)get to the railway station?These photographs will show you _.(我们村看上去是什么样子的)二、that(一)主语从句1that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，常见的句型有：(1)It + be+形容词(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam可以肯定她会考得很好。It is probable that he told her everything很可能他把一切告诉了她。(2)It + be+名词词组(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.)+that从句。如：Its no surprise that our team has won the game我们队赢了比赛并不惊奇。(3)It +be+过去分词(said，reposed，thought，expected， decided，announced，arranged，etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing据说格林先生已经到北京了。It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday已经定下来了，会议推迟到了下周一。2在口语和非正式文体中，that常可省略，尤其是在非常短的句子中，that总是不必要的，但that从句位于句首时，连词that是绝对不能省略的。如：Its a pity(that)youre leaving你要走，真遗憾。That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会，这对我们来说是个好消息。(二)宾语从句1常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有see，say，know，imagine，discover，believe，tell，show，think，consider，be sure，be afraid等。在可以接复合宾语的动词之后，如think，make，consider等，可以用it作形式宾语。如：Do you know (that) be has joined the army?你知道他参军了吗?Im sure (that) he will pass the exam我确信他会通过考试We think it highly probable that he is dead我们认为他已经死了，这是非常可能的。We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation他应当改进他的发音，我们认为这是必要的。He has made it clear that he will not give in他不会屈服的，这一点他已明确表示了。2that从句一般不能充当介词宾语，偶尔可作except，in的宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless他是个好学生，就是有点粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把课余时间用在了读书上。其他介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须用it作形式宾语。如：You may depend on it that I shall always help you你要相信我会一直帮助你的。(三)表语从句that引导表语从句时，不可省略。如：My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。(四)同位语从句连词that引导同位语从句时，应在某些抽象名词之后，如： fact，hope，desire，thought，suggestion，idea，news，problem，possibility等，对前面的名词起补充说明的作用，连词that只起引导同位语从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，不能省略。如：Theres a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is-not ever我有一种感觉。我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么永远都不会。题组训练 单项填空： _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.A. What B. That C. This D. WhichIts still a complete mystery _ caused the accident.A. what B. that C. how D. where三、whether/if(是否)(一)表语从句和同位语从句只能用whether引导不能用if；当主语从句放于句首时，也只能用whether引导不用if；当it作形式主语。主语从句放在句末时用whether或if引导均可；discuss后必须用whether引导的宾语从句。如：Whether the meeting will be given is still a problem(主语从句放于句首)=The problem is whether the meeting will be given(表语从句)=I have no idea whether the meeting will be given(同位语从句)是否要开会仍然是个问题。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here(主语从句放于句末)他是否要来还令人怀疑。(二)在宾语从句中1在及物动词后：()I dont care whether he doesnt come(whether从句中不能用否定式)()I dont care whether/if he comes or not()I dont care whether or not he comes()I dont care if or not he comes()I dont know whether to go there2在介词后：在介词后只用whether，不用if。如：It depends on whether you can do the work well那要取决于你是否能做好这项工作。题组训练 用whether或if填空： _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.I am not sure _ he will come here or not.This decision will have effect on _ or not he will succeed.四、特殊疑问词(一)主语从句特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语。如：It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting。由谁来主持会议还没有确定。(二)宾语从句1能接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词很多，常见的有see，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，find out，imagine，suggest，doubt， wonder，show，discuss，und