商学院BEC补充练习.doc

I.中译英：1、一种商品的市场由该种商品的实际和潜在的买方和卖方构成。对于任何一个既定价格，需求曲线显示了买方愿意购买的商品数量，供给曲线则显示了卖方愿意出售的商品数量。随着商品价格的升高，卖方愿意出售的商品数量增加（供给曲线向上倾斜），而买方愿意购买的商品数量减少（需求曲线向下倾斜）。A commodity market by the types of commodities in the actual and potential buyers and sellers. For a fixed price, the demand curve shows that the buyer is willing to purchase of goods, and the supply curve is showing willing to sell the seller of goods. With the rising commodity prices, the seller is willing to increase sales of goods (supply curve upward sloping), and the buyer is willing to purchase of goods decreased (demand curve DIP).A commodity market by the types of commodities, and potential buyers and sellers of composition. For any given price, the demand curve shows the number of buyers willing to purchase the goods, the supply curve shows the number of sellers willing to sell the goods. With the rise of commodity prices, the seller is willing to sell the number of goods increases (upward sloping supply curve), while the buyer is willing to reduce the number of purchased goods (demand curve slopes downward.)2、为了解释不同国家、同一国家不同时 期经济表现存在差异的现象，宏观经济学家致力于考察宏观经济政策的实施过程和对经济的影响。宏观经济政策是指旨在影响整体经济的表现而设计的政府行为。它包括货币政策、财政政策和结构政策。货币政策决定国家的货币供给。财政政策是涉及政府预算的决定。结构政策则是旨在改变国民经济的基本结构或组织的政府政策。In order to explain the different countries, different periods of the same country differences in economic performance, the phenomenon of macro-economists committed to the implementation of macroeconomic policies, the process of investigation and the impact on the economy. Macroeconomic policy is designed to affect the overall economic performance and the design of the government action. It includes monetary policy, fiscal policy and structural policies. Monetary policy on the nations money supply. Fiscal policy is the decision involving the government budget. Structural policies are aimed at changing the basic structure of the national economy or the organization of government policy.In order to explain, different countries and countries with a difference of the economic performance, macro economists to examine the macroeconomic policies and implementation of the economic impact. Macroeconomic policy is intended to affect the overall economic performance and design of the Government. It includes monetary and fiscal policy and structural policies. Monetary policy decisions of the national currency supply. Fiscal policy is the decision of the government budget. structural policy is aimed at changing the basic structure and organization of the national government policies.3、在1996和1997年，达成了开放在电信、金融业和信息技术方面的贸易协议。2000年7月，欧盟墨西哥自由贸易协议开始生效；2001年11月，开始启动多哈回合；2001年12月，中国被接纳为世贸组织第144位成员；2002年8月，国会向总统授予贸易谈判权或称快车道。由于各国未能在2001年11月贸易会谈中达成协议，致使试图发动新一轮“千年回合”的愿望失败。然而贸易保护主义的声势仍很大，特别表现在对发展中国家至关重要的农业和纺织品上，反倾销与安全保护的措施被滥用。除此之外，世界正在分裂成几大主要贸易板块，激烈的反全球化运动已经兴起。In 1996 and 1997, reached in the open telecommunications, information technology in the financial industry and trade agreements. July, 2000, the EU-Mexico free trade agreement came into force; November, 2001, started Doha round; December, 2001, China is admitted to the WTO members 144; August, 2002, the National Assembly President awarded to the right to trade negotiations or the fast track. The failure of the November, 2001, the trade talks reached an agreement, resulting in an attempt to launch a new round of the aspirations round failure 1000 years. However, trade protectionism is still great momentum, particularly in developing countries is essential to the agriculture and textiles, anti-dumping and protection of the security measures have been misused. In addition, the world is divided into several major trade plate, radical anti-globalization movement has emerged.4、经济的全球化，简而言之，是市场力量的引入、更加自由的贸易以及普遍的解除管制。它正发生在拉丁美洲和亚洲的发展中国家，甚至是拥有欧盟和北美自由贸易协定的工业化国家。全球化和信息技术这两大趋势正削弱旧秩序，迫使企业调整重组。如果你想在全球市场上进行竞争，或是利用高速变化的技术，你必须快速行动，那就意味着取消管理层次。Economic globalization, in short, is the introduction of market forces, freer trade and deregulation in general. It is happening in Latin America and Asia, developing countries, even those with the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement of the industrialized countries. Globalization and information technology, these two trends are weakening the old order, forcing the enterprises to adjust the restructuring. If you want to compete in the global market, or the use of rapidly changing technology, you must act quickly, it means that deregulation levels.Economic globalization, in short, the introduction of market forces, more free trade as well as widespread deregulation. It is in the developing countries in Latin America and Asia, even with the European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement between the industrialized countries. Globalization and information technology, which is weakening old two major trends in order to compel enterprise restructuring. If you want to compete in the global market, or the use of rapid change, you must act quickly, it would mean management levels.5、今天，成功的公司，不论是大公司还是小公司，营利性组织还是非营利性组织，国内企业还是国际性企业，都强调以顾客为中心，并强调市场营销观念。许多人认为营销只是销售和做广告，但事实上营销包括许多活动：市场调查、产品开发、分销、定价、广告以及个性化销售等。这些活动在服务和满足顾客需要的同时，还要满足组织的目标。Today, successful companies, whether large or small companies, for-profit organizations or non-profit organizations, national companies or international companies, have emphasized the customer-focused and emphasizes marketing concepts. Many people believe that marketing is just marketing and advertising, but in fact many of the activities of marketing including: market research, product development, distribution, pricing, advertising and personal sales. These activities in the service and meet customer needs, we must also meet the organizations goals.Today, the company, be they big or small companies, profit or non-profit organizations, domestic or international business enterprises, stressed the need to customers, and stressed the marketing concept. Many people think that only the marketing and advertising sales, marketing, but in fact, many activities, market research, product development, distribution, pricing, advertising and marketing of personality. These activities in the service and satisfy customers needs, it is also to meet the goal.6、会计是为了进行检测和做出有根据的判断而对一个组织的经济信息进行确定、衡量和传递的过程。财务报表的使用者包括管理者、投资者、债权人、公司员工及政府部门。这些用户所作的决策与会计主体的经营、投资、信贷、雇佣及法律的遵守情况相关。财务报表对这些决策具有支持作用，因为这些报表反映了关于会计主体的重要财务信息。Accounting is to detect and make informed judgments and economic information for an organization to identify, measure and transfer process. Users of financial statements, including managers, investors, creditors, employees and government departments. Decisions made by these users and the main business of accounting, investment, credit, employment and compliance with relevant laws. Financial statements on a supporting role in these decisions, because these statements reflect on the important subject of financial accounting information.Accounting for testing and make a judgment on the basis of an organization of the economic information in the process, measurement and transmission. The financial statements, including managers, creditors, investors, employees and government departments. The users of the main policy making and accounting management, investment, credit, employment and compliance with the legislation. Financial statements of support to these decisions, as such statements reflect the accounting of the important financial information.II. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the list given below:Passage One share slow linked domestic weaker relying impact driven dependent contribution accounts as firm growth over Chinas economy is growth not by exports but by investment, which for over 40% of GDP. This raises an additional concern: that over exports could lead to a sharp drop in investment because exporters would need to add less capacity. But Arthur Kroeber at Dragonomics, a Beijing-based research firm, argues that investment is not closely tied to exports as is often assumed: half of all investment is in infrastructure and property. Mr. Kroeber estimates that only 7% of total investment is directly relying to export production. Adding in the capital spending of local firms that produce inputs sold to exporters, he reckons that a still-modest 14% of investment is dependent on exports. Total investment is unlikely to collapse while investment in infrastructure and residential construction remains . An American downturn will cause Chinas economy to . But the likely impact is hugely exaggerated by the headline figures of exports as a of GDP. Dragonomics forecasts that in 2008 the of net exports to Chinas growth will shrink by half. If the on investment is also included, GDP growth will slow to about 10% from 11.5% in 2007. This is hardly catastrophic. Indeed, given Beijings worries about the economy overheating, it would be welcome. The American government frequently accuses China of excessively on exports. But David Carbon, an economist at DBS, a Singaporean bank, suggests that America is starting to look like the pot that called the kettle black. In the year to September, net exports accounted for more than 30% of Americas total GDP in 2007. Another popular belief looks ripe for reappraisal: it seems that demand is a bigger driver of Chinas growth than it is of Americas. Passage Two tends that allocating competitive relatively inequality charges price created level reason greater structures in perfectlyA monopolistically competitive firm generally produces less output and a higher price than would be the case for a competitive industry. In particular, the price charged by a monopolistically competitive firm is than its marginal cost. The of price and marginal cost violates the key condition for efficiency. Resources are not being used to generate the highest possible of satisfaction.The for this inefficiency is found with market control. Because a monopolistically firm has control over a small slice of the market, it faces a negatively-sloped demand curve and is greater than marginal revenue, which is set equal to marginal cost when maximizing profit. While monopolistic competition is technically inefficient, it to be less inefficient than other market , especially monopoly. Even though price is greater than marginal revenue (and thus marginal cost), because the demand curve is elastic, the difference is often relatively small. For example, a monopoly charges a $100 price while incurring a marginal cost of $20 creates a serious inefficiency problem. contrast, the inefficiency created by a monopolistically competitive firm that charges a $50 price while incurring a marginal cost of $49.95 is substantially less. The closer marginal revenue is to price, the closer a monopolistically competitive firm comes to resources according to the efficiency benchmark established by perfect competition. In the grand scheme of economic problems, the inefficiency by monopolistic competition seldom warrants much attention. and deservedly so. Passage Threequota exchange disputes adhere to growth completed liberalization partly increasingly post reductions regular entry created agreement intellectual tariffs each extending goods called The of international trade and investment has been stimulated by the steady decline of trade barriers since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the World War II era the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT, was an that prompted regular negotiations among a growing body of members to reduce (import taxes) on imported goods on a reciprocal basis. During of these regular negotiations, (eight of these rounds were completed between 1948 and 1994), countries promised to reduce their tariffs on imports in for concessions, or tariffs , by other GATT members. When the most recent round was finished in 1994, the member countries succeeded in the agreement to include promises in a much larger sphere of influence. Now countries would not only lower tariffs on trade, but would begin to liberalize agriculture and services market. They would eliminate the many systems - like the multi-fiber agreement in clothing - that had sprouted up in previous decades. And they would agree to certain minimum standards to protect property rights such as patents, trademarks and copyrights. The WTO was to manage this system of new agreements, to provide a forum for discussion of trade matters and to implement a well-defined process for settling trade that might arise among countries.As of 2006, 149 countries were members of the WTO “trade liberalization club” and many more countries were still negotiating . As the club grows to include more members, and if the latest round of trade liberalization discussion the Doha round concludes with an agreement, world markets will become open to trade and investment. Note: the Doha round of discussions was begun in 2001 and remains uncompleted as of August, 2008 Passage Fourarisen trend over global environmental announced globalization strategic push interconnect open come increasingly trading interdependence mostAnother international for trade liberalization has in the form of regional free trade agreements. 200 regional trade agreements around the world have been notified, or , to the WTO. Many countries have negotiated these with neighboring countries or major partners, to promote even faster trade liberalization. In part these have because of the slow, plodding pace of liberalization under the GATT/WTO. In part it has occurred because countries have wished to promote and connectedness with important economic or trade partners. In any case, the phenomenon serves to international markets even further than achieved in the WTO. These changes in economic patterns and the towards ever increasing openness are an important aspect of the more exhaustive phenomenon known as . Globalization more formally refers to the economic, social, cultural or changes that tend to peoples around the world. Since the economic aspects of globalization are certainly one of the pervasive of these changes, it is important to understand the implications of a marketplace on consumers, businesses and governments. That is the study of international economics begins. Passage Fiveprofits way liabilities financial turn balance withdraw position how values worth inventories applies categories owe other difference equity equal bookkeeping,In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial is a summary of a persons or organizations balances. Assets, liabilities and ownership are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a snapshot of a companys condition. Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which to a single point in time.A company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities and shareholders equity. The main of assets are usually listed first and are followed by the liabilities. The between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net of the company; according to the accounting equation, net worth must assets minus liabilities. Another to look at the same equation is that assets equals liabilities plus net worth. This is a balance sheet is presented, with assets in one section and liabilities and net worth in the section. The sum of these two sections must be equal; they must .Records of the of each account or line in the balance sheet are usually maintained using a system of accounting known as the double-entry system.A business operating entirely in cash can measure its by withdrawing the entire bank balance at the end of the period, plus any cash in hand. However, real businesses are not paid immediately; they build up of goods and they acquire buildings and equipment. In other words: businesses have assets and so they can not, even if they want to, immediately these into cash at the end of each period. Real businesses money to suppliers and to tax authorities, and the proprietors do not all their original capital and profits at the end