就远原则和就近原则.doc

语法：就远原则讲解【就远原则】谓语动词与前面主语一致代表词汇：as well as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from 采用“就近原则”的两个典型用法即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。1. 连词or, notbut, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如：Not his parents but he doesnt want to go. 是他的父母亲不想去而不是他不想去。Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 你和我都不是刚来这里。Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 他和他的同学都不知道这个密秘？ 2. 当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如：There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个梨子和一些桔子。There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子，一些桔子和一个苹果。五、由 or，not only but also ， either or ， neither nor ，not but 等连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据就近原则来确定。如：You or he is going to be sent to study abroad .He or we are going to be sent to study abroad .六、“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语（ with，together with，along with，as well as 等） + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。如：Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing .You as well as your brother have been accepted .七、主语从句、不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：What we cant get seems better than what we have .Taking more exercise is good for your health .八、定语从句中，当先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语与先行词的人称和数保持一致；但“ one of + 名词复数”作先行词时，如在 one 前有 the，the very，the only 等词修饰时，从句谓语动词要用单数形式，若没有，则用复数形式。如：He is one of the students who have been praised by the headmaster .He is the only one of the students who has been praised by the headmaster .九、there be 句型中，be 的单复数形式由其后的名词决定，如果有两个或两个以上的名词，则按就近原则决定。如：There is only a desk in the room .There is only a desk and two chairs in the room .There are two chairs and a desk in the room .十、“ the + 形容词”作主语表示一类人时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：The rich dont understand the life of the poor .语法：就近原则讲解【就近原则】也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity），即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。I.在正式文体中：1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：there be句型; or ; either or；nor; neithernor；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。 e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。II. 非正式文体中： 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.No o