现在分词和过去分词.docVIP

现在分词做形容词和副词现在分词一般表示主动的或正在进行的动作。在句中一般可作：定语、状语、补语、表语。1、作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。如：a running boythe girl standing there一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句：a boy who is runninga girl who is standing there注意：分词的完成时不可作定语在message，letter，sign，news，notice等词后要用现在分词作定语不用过去分词，这是考试的易错点。某些现在分词作定语时，已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性。如：an interesting story an exciting match这些也可以属于现在分词作定语，但是不能转化为相应的定语从句，可以有三级变化（原级，比较级，最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰。2、作表语现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意有三级变化，可被副词修饰。如：Thestoryisinteresting. 这个故事有意思。Thematchisexciting.比赛很精彩。3、作补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补感官动词：see hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，keep，find，listento，lookat使役动词：have，get，catch，leave，set值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补，只能是用于这些词后，但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）。如：Isawhimsingingnow.我看见他在唱歌。Donthavethestudentsstudyingallday.不要让学生整天学习。注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。4、作状语作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时要位于句首，且与后面用逗号隔开，能转换为一个相应的状语从句。作结果、方式、伴随状语时要位于句尾，且与前面用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用。注意：分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致。个人经验状语从句是万能的，而分词作状语具有局限性，当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做。（1）作时间状语Walkinginthestreet, Isawhim.当我在街上走时，我看到他了。可以转化为一个时间状语从句：When/WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet, Isawhim.当要表达正在进行的动作时我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhile，那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/Whilewalkinginthestreet, Isawhim.（其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略，但是不是时时成立的。）重新注意一下所给出的例子：Walkinginthestreet, Isawhim.可以翻译成“当我在街上走时，我看到他了。”而不可以翻译为“当他在街上走时，他看到我了。”（因为分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致）要是想翻译成“当他在街上走时，我看到他了。”可以用状语从句来做。When/Whilehewaswalkinginthestreet, Isawhim.在这里在告诉大家另外的一个方法Hewalkinginthestreet, Isawhim.（这是分词的独立主格形式。）（2）作条件状语Workinghard, youwillsucceed. 努力工作，你就会成功。（3）作原因状语Beingill, shestayedathome. 由于生病，所她待在家里。注意：being是常用来做原因状语的。（4）作让步状语Havingfailedmanytimes, hedidntlostheart.尽管已经失败了很多次，他仍然没有灰心。（5）作结果状语Hisfrienddied, leavinghimalotofmoney. 他的朋友去世了，给他留了一大笔钱。（6）作方式状语Pleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.请用另一种方式回答问题。（7）作伴随状语Heisstandingthere, singing. 他站在那儿唱歌。（可以转化为一个并列句）现在分词短语现在分词短语可以做独立主格，可以做宾语或状语。这是英语中一种极为普遍的句子结构，在书面语中，用得甚多，表示的意义也有好几种。分述如下：1、表示办事方法或行动方式，如：Feeling his way along the rocks, the mountaineer reached the peak of the hill. 登山者沿着石头一路前行，到达了山顶。Flinging her arm before her face, the small girl pretended to burst into tears. 这个小女孩用胳膊遮住脸假装哭。2、表示伴随状况，如：The two men shook hands, smiling at each other. 两个人彼此微笑着握了手。A few friends of the victim stood outside the house, still with a sense of shock, conversing quietly. 死者的朋友们仍震惊地站在屋外静静地交谈着。3、表示原因，如： Living in a city, we enjoy a lot of modern amenities. 由于生活在城市里，我们享受到了很多先进的设施。Being written in a hurry, the essay was fraught with errors. 由于写的匆忙，这篇论文有一些错误。4、表示时间，如： Finding the hidden treasure, they discussed how to divide it. 找到藏的宝藏后他们讨论怎么分。Arriving at the seaside, the picnickers pitched their tent for the night. 到达海边后，野餐者们支起了帐篷过夜。这里要注意的是：用来表示时间的分词短语必须摆在句首，用以说明分词短语中的时间一过，谓语动词的时间便开始。 如果要强调分词短语的时间比谓语动词的时间早些过去，那末分词短语里的时态就要用完成时态（perfect tense），如： Having realized that they had lagged behind, Tom and Harry started to quicken their pace. 意识到他们落后了后，汤姆和哈里开始加快了速度。The couple, having seen their son off, returned home without saying anything. 这对夫妻，送走了儿子后什么也没说就回家了。5、表示“目的、结果”的意思，如： The two parties sat down to talk, hoping to avoid further conflict. 两党坐下来谈话希望能避免矛盾深化。6、另外“连词+现在分词短语”也可修饰谓语动词。我们可以从五方面探讨这个问题。 和“When, while, before, after, since”等连用，表示“ 时间”，如： He scanned the newspaper while having breakfast. 他吃饭了时候浏览下报纸。Some students stammered when speaking in front of the teacher. 一些学生一在老师面前讲话就结巴。Wash your hands before eating your meals. 你吃饭前要洗手。Return the book to me after reading it. 书看完了就还给我。I have lost contact with Tom since leaving university. 自从离开大学后我就和汤姆失去了联系。 和“thus, thereby”连用，表示“结果”，如： John did not come along, thereby making it necessary for us to get someone else to replace him. 约翰没有来，因此这就使我们必须要找个人来代替他。 和“though, although”连用，表示“让步”，例如： Though working day and night, the gambler still could not make enough money to pay off his debts. 尽管不分日夜地工作，这个赌徒还是挣不到足够的钱还债。Although answering all the questions in the test, he did not get a good grade. 尽管回答了测验中的所有问题，他仍然没有取得高分。 和“even if, even though”连用，表示“条件”，例如： Even if still functioning, the old machine would be of no great value. 尽管这个旧机器仍然能用，但却没多大价值了。Even though raining, we had to hold the meeting as planned. 尽管下雨了，但我们仍要按原计划开会。 和“as if, as though”连用，表示“比较”，例如： The man walked hurriedly, but suddenly stopped, as if remembering something. 这个人匆忙地走着，好像想起了什么似的忽然停了下来。Helen sat down in a quiet corner, as though waiting for someone to come. 海伦坐在一个安静的角落里好像是在等人到来。就一般情况说，现在分词短语作副词用途时，它的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语。但是如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，它便要有自己的主语而形成独立结构（an absolute construction），即：“主语+现在分词短语”。如： He stared at the approaching girl, his eyes widening. All the participants having arrived, the chairman declared the meeting open. 所有的与会者都到了之后，主持人宣布会议开始。必要时，现在分词短语也可以和“with, without”等连用。如： With their breath running out, some weaker athletes had to stop playing. 当累得上气不接下气的时候，一些体质较弱的运动员不得不停止了比赛。In a quiet place like that, the villagers generally do as they wish, without anybody trying to bother about them.在一个那样安静的地方，村民们总是做着自己想做的事情，没有人试图去阻挠或骚扰他们。过去分词过去分词可以在句中起形容词或副词的作用，但保留动词的特征。及物动词的过去分词表被动动作，不及物动词的过去分词表完成的动作，如：fallen leaves 落叶，the polluted water 被污染了的水。 过去分词的语法功能： 作定语：单个过去分词作定语放于被修饰词之前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰词之后。如：A broken cup is lying on the ground. 地上有一个破的杯子。This is the lab built in 1990. 这是1990年建的实验室。The canned food has gone bad. 这个罐装食品已经变质了。作表语：说明主语所处的状态。如：We were deeply moved. 我们深受感动。She felt rather disappointed at his failure. 他的失败令她感到非常失望。We are determined to complete the work in time. 我们决心按时完成工作。作状语：与句子主语为动宾关系，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。如：Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看，公园看上去很美丽。The scientist entered the room, followed by some young men. 这位科学家进了房间，后面跟着一些年青人。作宾语补足语，与宾语为动宾关系。如：I didnt know you had your hair cut. 我不知道你理了发。We should make it known to the public. 我们应当让公众知道这件事。过去分词短语过去分词短语作状语修饰整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句。表示时间、原因、条件、让步和伴随等情况。表原因Frightened by what he saw, he couldnt say a word.= Because he was frightened by what he saw, he couldnt say a word.= He was frightened by what he saw, so he couldnt say a word.由于他所看到的情况使他很恐惧,一句话也说不出来。Seen by the teacher, he had to stop. =Because he was seen by the teacher, he had to stop.被老师看见了，他只好停下来。Badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money.= Because she was badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money. 由于严重致伤,玛丽被支付了一大笔钱。Noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.= As she was noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.由于被老师发现，凯特从椅子上站了起来。当我们使用分词作状语时,要特别注意句子的逻辑主语与分词的关系.若动作是主语承受的，分词与主语的逻辑关系为动宾关系时，应使用过去分词表被动。(相反，若动作是由主语发出的，分词与主语的关系为主谓关系，则使用现在分词表主动。)表时间Heated, water can be changed vapor.= When it is heated, water can be changed into vapor.水加热就可以变成蒸汽。Brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.=When they were brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.刷了两遍之后,他的牙齿变的又白又干净。表条件Given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.= If we had been given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.如果当时给我们提供更多的时间和财力,我们就能够完成这项工作。Seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.= If it is seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.站在教堂塔顶上，这座公园看上去更漂亮了。这里seen的逻辑宾语是the park，也就是说，the park是动词seen的接受者。Judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.= If it is judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.(如果)从它的毛皮判断，这显然是头北极熊。表伴随The professor came into the classroom, followed by his students.= The professor came into the classroom, and he was followed by his students.教授走进了教室,学生跟在身后。The socalled singing stars came out of the hall, laughed by the audience.这些所谓的歌手们走出大厅，受到了观众们的嘲笑。现在分词和过去分词的区别分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，分为现在分词和过去分词两种。主要起形容词和副词的作用。在中学英语中，分词是学生难以掌握的一个语法项目，现在就其形式和用法分别简述如下：一、形式上的不同：现在分词由动词原形加词尾ing构成，有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。1、现在分词的主动语态：分为一般式（doing）和（having done）两种，现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行，而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。如：He hurried home，looking behind from time to time as he went .他匆匆忙忙地回家，边走还不停的回头。Having finished his homework, he went to bed.完成作业后他就睡觉了。2、现在分词的被动语态：也分为一般式（being done）和完成式（having been done）两种。一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。如：The large building being built will be a department store.这座正在建设的大楼将成为一个商店。Having been shown around the factory, they returned to school.他们被带领着参观了工厂后就返回学习了。过去分词是由动词词尾ed或不规则动词的分词构成，它只有一种形式，一般表示完成的和被动的动作。如：The retired workers, the boiled water, the fallen leaves.二、语态上不同：现在分词表示主动，而及物动词的过去分词则表示被动。如：I heard her singing next door.我听到她在隔壁唱歌。He had his bike repaired.他把他的自行车修了。三、动作在进行中或已完成的不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行，而过去分词则表示动作已经完成。如：The teacher giving us the talk is from Beijing University.这个给我们做讲座的老师是来自北京大学的。The broken pen is Li Mings.这个坏的钢笔是李明的。四、用法上不同：从用法来讲，现在分词和过去分词在句子中担任的成分虽然大体相同，但两者之间也存在着差别：1、作定语：现在分词作定语，分词所表示动作发生的时间有两种。1）表示正在进行的动作，变为从句需要用进行时态。如：Tom lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.Tom lit a fire and from it took a stick which was burning.汤姆点了火，从中拿出了一根正在燃烧的木棍。2）表示经常性动作或现在的状态，变为从句时用一般时态。如：The house standing (=that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1982.过去分词或过去分词短语作定语表示动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：Is this the book recommended by our teacher?这是我们老师推荐的书吗？He is a student loved by al