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一. 英语语音(一)英语字母Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz 其中A、E、I、O、U(Y)为元音字母。练习:1.朗读并比较下列各组字母:a-o e-c b-d d-g g-j j-y I-j h-k m-n v-w r-t u-n I-L-T U-V M-W O-Q K-P-R-H B-D E-F C-G J-Y H-N2.朗读下列缩写词:CPC PRC UN USA GNP GDP a.m. p.m. IT PC Y2KVIP IQ CEO CBD APEC OPEC (二) 英语音素和音标.音素和音标音素是语音的最小单位。英语音素共个。音标是音素的书面符号。英语通常采用国际音标来注音。音标写在内,以区别于字母。.元音和辅音元音个,其中:单元音个,单元音又有长、短之分。长元音符号为:。双元音个。辅音个,其中按声带振动与否有清辅音和浊辅音之分。辅音还可按发音方法分类,有爆破音个,摩擦音个,破擦音个,鼻音个,舌侧音个,半元音个。(参见许国璋英语第一册第9课和第10课的语音部分)(三) 读音规则.音节词的构成单位就语音形式而言,音节由音素构成,一般是由一个元音或一个元音加上辅音组成;就书写形式而言,音节由字母组成。根据英语单词所含音节的数目可分为单音节词(如;a, he, she, on, desk)、双音节词(如:letter, mother, doctor)和多音节词(如:information, economics,).单词重音.重读音节符号为,次重读音节符号为在双音节词和多音节词中,一般有一个音节读得重些、清楚些,这个音节叫重读音节,其他读得轻而弱的音节叫非重读音节。单音节词在单独念时要重读,但注音时不必加重读符号。一个词有五个音节以上者,则从重读音节算起,倒数第三个音节为次重读音节。有的词有两个重读音节。.成音节 有些较响亮的辅音,如;l、m、n,在后面没有元音的情况下也能和他前面的辅音构成一个音节,叫做成音节。成仪凝结一般在词尾,不重读。如:people pi:pl, criticism critisizm中的plzm都是成音节。.重读开音节、闭音节、r 音节元音字母的读法一般取决于其所在的音节是重读还是非重读音节,以及属于哪种音节类型。在重读音节中最重要的有三种情况:1)开音节:元音字母在重读开音节中读其名称音。开音节有:.以发音的单个元音字母结尾的音节,如:a, he , no.以“一个元音字母一个辅音字母(r 除外)不发音的e 结尾”的音节,如:name, life, note(但有例外,如:love, have)2)闭音节: 以一个或几个辅音字母结尾(r 除外),而前面又只有一个元音字母的重读音节。元音字母在闭音节中的读音为短音,如:map, desk, fill, hot, cut.3)r 音节:含有“元音字母r”的重读音节,如,mark, her, girl, nurse, morning。-r 音节中的元音字母读相对的长音.(见许式英语第课语音表)5.音节的划分和单词的一般读音 在计算音节时,只能根据词的语音形式,而不能根据词的书写形式来划分。如:meet, lead中的字母组合ee, ea念i:,是一个元音因素,因此只算一个音节;又如 make 的最末一个元音字母e不发音,因此make 也是单音节词。双音节词的划分和读音:1) 在两个元音之间只有一个辅音,辅音属于哪个音节,则根据前一个元音的读音而 定,如果读短音,则属于前一个音节,如果读长音,则属于后一个音节。例如;cit/ysitisev/ensevn o/ver la/bour )分界线上有两个辅音字母,则将它们分别划归左右两个音节。例如: pic/ture, winter, com/rade(第一个音节按重读闭音节读短音) cor/ner, dir/ty(分界线上第一个辅音字母为r,第一个音节按r音节读长音) car/ry, mer/ry, hur/ry(分界线上辅音字母为rr,第一个音节按闭音节读短音))分界线上的辅音连缀不能拆散,划归第二个音节。例如: a/fraid, pro/gress, coun/try, con/struc/tion)有一部分双音节词重音在第二个音节上,其中元音字母读法和单音节词相同。例如:mis/take misteik, dis/cuss, re/port, 二. 语法名 词(THE NOUN) Exercises:1. Apple is a _ word. A) five-letter B) five-letters C) fives-letters D) five letters2. On hearing the joke, she burst into _ A) a loud laughter B) loud laughter C) loud laughs D) loud laughings3. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party. A) comrade-in arms B) comrades-in-arm C) comrades-in-arms D) comrade-in-arm4. All the _ in the hospital got a rise yesterday. A) women doctors B) woman doctors C) women doctor D) woman doctor5. After ten years, all those youngsters became _. A) growns-ups B) growns-up C) grown-up D) grown-ups6. The police investigated the _about the bank robbery. A) stander-by B) standers-by C) stander-bys D) standers-bys7. She used to have three _. A) boys friends B) boys friend C) boy friends D) boy friend8. The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp. A)prisoner-of-wars B)prisoners-of-war C) prisoners-of-wars D) prisoner-of-war9. The committee _ been arguing about the eco- nomic problems among themselves for many hours. A) have B) has C) could have D) can have10. The public _interested in talking about the news. A) has been B) was C) is D) are11. The rest of the crew of the ship _ going to come back home. A) has not been B) have not been C) is not D) are not12. The team _ in _opinion. A) was divided ,. its B ) were divided.their C) have divided.their D) had been divided. its13. Paper scissors _ for cutting paper. A) are something B) is something C) has been anything D) can do14. _ is too much for a little boy to carry. A) A bikes weight B) The weights of a bike C) The weight of a bike D ) Bikes weight15. A great deal of _ was done to crops. A) damages B) damaging, C) damage D) ruin 16. The young couple bought _for their livingroom.A) some new furniture B) some new furnitures C) many new furniture D ) many new furnitures 17. Mathematics _easy to learn. A) is B) are C) can say D) feels 18. There is only _ left in his bowl. A) some rices B) few rice C) little rice D) some rise 19. The news _ heard everywhere. A) are going to be B) have been C) had D) was20. His last works_ well known among his friends. A) have B) have been C) is D) are21. The surroundings of his office building _ far from clean. A) are B) is C) has been D) do22. The doctor checked up both Wangs_ hearts. A) father-in-laws and B) fathers-in-law and his brother-in-laws , his brothers-in-law C) father-in-law and his D) father-in-laws and brother-in-law his brother-in-laws 23. I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner. A) barber B) barbers C) barbers . D) barbers24. The woman over there is_ A) Julia and Mary mother B) Julia and Marys mother C)Julias and Marys D) Julia s and Mary mother mother25. That is _cat. A) Charles B) Charleses C) Charless D) Charles26. The students must finish the test in_ A) three quarters of an B) three quarters of hour time an hour time C) three quarters of an D) three quarters of hours time an hours time27. His article is better than _ in the class. A) anyones else B) anyone else C) anyones elses D) anyone elses28. The man in blue over there is _ . A) a friend of my B) a friend of mine C) a friend of I D) mine friend29. He is very tired. He needs_ A) a night rest B) rest of a night C) a rest night D) a nights rest30. This question is too difficult, and everyone is_ to soIve it. A) at his wits end B) at ones wits end C) in his wits end D) out of his wits end(一)名词1. 名词的分类(1)专有名词;某个(些)个人、地方、机构等专有的名称,如:John, Shanghai, America.(2)普通名词:一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名称,如:worker, mobile, beer, economy等。. 个体名词:表示某类人和东西中的个体,如:student, teacher, desk, book, city, country等。 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体:如:committee, people, family, staff等。 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物: tea, coffee, bread, air等。 抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work, happiness, information等。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。有些名词在一种场合下属于这一类,在另一种场合下又属于那一类,意义上有一定变化,如: 物质名词 个体名词 glass 玻璃 a glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 a paper 报纸、证件 抽象名词 个体名词 youth 青春 a youth 青年人 democracy 民主 a democracy 民主国家 power 威力、电力 a power 大国 有些东西在汉语里是可数的,在英语中却不可数,如:news, work等,这时如果要表示“一个”这类概念,就需要加 “a piece of” 这类定语: 一条新闻 a piece of news 一个意见 a piece of advice 一件工作 a piece of work 一块面包 a piece of bread 一张纸 a piece of paper 一碗饭 a bowl of rice 一杯茶 a cup of tea 一瓶墨水 a bottle of ink 一块肥皂 a cake of soap 一(大)笔钱 a (large) sum of money 一管牙膏 a tube of tooth-paste2.名词的数 可数名词大多都有单、复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾 -s 或 -es构成。规则为: 一般情况,加-s,如:cap-caps, desk-desks, dog-dogs, horse-horses, cat-cats, bed-beds. 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的,加-es, 如:bus-buses, box-boxes, peach-peaches, brush-brushes. 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的,变“y”为“i”,再加-es,如:city-cities, country-countries, party-parties;但key-keys. 大部分以“辅音字母+o”结尾的, 加-es,如:hero-heroes, potato-potatoes; 但bamboos, kilos, photos .pianos 以f /fe 结尾的,多数变f 为 v ,再加-es,如: leaf-leaves knife-knives; 但roofs, gulfs, beliefs; proofs, safes, scarf-scarfs/scarves. 少数名词有不规则的复数形式,如: man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth child-children ox-oxen goose-geese 个别名词单复数同形,如: fish , sheep, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese (fish 在表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾 -es。) 有些名词常以复数形式出现,如: trousers, pants, jeans, glasses; belongings, surroundings, savings, findings; arms, thanks, clothes, congratulations; 有些名词经常是带着 s 结尾的, 如 economics, politics等,但通常都作单数看待。 3.名词所有格-表示事物的所属关系 1)一般表示有生命的名词,其所有格一般在词尾加“s” ,例如: Bettys father 蓓蒂的父亲 my sisters husband 我姐姐的丈夫 the horses neck 马脖子 mens clothes 男人的衣服 以-s结尾的复数名词,只需在词尾加所有格符号“ ”,不再加 s。例如: workers families 工人家庭 the students books 学生们的书 2) 表示无生命事物的名词通常用带有 of 的介词短语表示所属关系,介词 短语的位置在所修饰的词的后面。例如: the name of the street 街名, the development of new China 新中国的发展 3)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇、由人组成的集体的名词、 某些机 构活动的名词 等,也可以加“s” 构成所有格。例如: todays newspaper 今天的报纸 a hundred metres distance 一百米的距离 an hours walk 一小时路程 a miles journey 一英里的行程 Chinas future 中国的未来 Wuhans industry 武汉的工业 our governments policy 我们政府的政策 the schools history 校史 注意 1. 下列集合名词后的动词必须用复数形式,如: cattle, clothes, eyeglasses, pants, people,police, public, savings, scissors,thanks,trousers, valuables等, 例: Cowboy pants were popular last year。 All his shoes were dirty。2。单数概念名词 单数概念名词后的动词只能用单数形式。 1)不可数物质名词,如: bacon, baggage, bread, butter, chalk,cheese, chocolate, clothing, coal, furniture, go1d,grass,ice, land, meat, paper, rice, rubbish, silver,steal, sugar, etc. Furniture in his house is new。 2)抽象名词,如: abuse, advice, anger, assistance, behavior, business,conduct,co-operation, dirt, education, evidence,fever, homework, information, interest, knowledge,1aughter, music, passion, progress, research,scenery, traffic, 例: My advice to you as a friend is that you shou1d treat her we11。 3)有些表示学科或专业的名词虽以s结尾,但概念仍为单数,例: athletics, classics, economics, gymnastics, news, phonetics, physics, politics,tactics等,例:例: No news is good news。3,名词所有格 1)表示有生命事物的名词的所有格用s或s;表示无生命事物或由两个以上的词组成的名词的所有格用Of,例: The doctors wife is a kind woman。 The boys clothes are dirty。 He was standing by the window of the classroom 2)在以s结尾的名词后加上s表示所有关系,例: This is Jamess cat 3)如两个所有格名词后的事或人分属不同的两者,则用两个所有格符号表示;如两个所有格名词后的事或人同属两者,则在第二个名词后加上所有格符号,例: Wangs and Lis bikes are both missing Tom and Julia are my father and mothers friends。 4)当所有格形式后面的名词指的是人们比较熟悉的建筑物、商店、理发馆时,此名词可以省略,例: He bought meat at the butchers(shop) When I was in Rome,I visited StPeters(Cathedral) “Whose book is this?”“Its Julias” (book) 5)复合名词的所有格符号加在最后一个词后,例: She lost her sister-in-laws bike。 6)用One Of和some Of表示双重所有格,例: On my way home I met a friend of mine yesterday。 Some friends of his failed the examination lastweek。4。复合名词的复数形式 1)第一成分变为复数形式: brother-in-law brothers-in-law comrade-in-arms 一 comrades-in-arms man-of-war men-of-war prisoner-of-war _ prisoners-of-war stander-by standers-by 例: His sister-in-law is a nurse。 Both of his sisters-in-law are teachers。 2)两个成分变为复数形式: manservant menservants woman doctor women doctors 3)后一成分变为复数形式: assistant director assistant directors boy friend boy friends fountain pen fountain pens breakdown breakdownsgrown-up _ grown-upssit-in _ sit-ins例:The workers union held three sit-ins last month(二)动词1. 分类行为动词-及物动词 (后跟宾语),如 like, love, study, have. -不及物动词 (不跟宾语),如 work, study, wait . 系动词(后跟表语),如 be, seem, become.助动词(后跟动词原形或分词,无特殊意思), 如do, will, have. 情态动词(后跟动词原形,有自己的意思), 如can, may, must.2. 变化形式 原形 walk live study stop do make 过去式 walked, lived, studied, stopped, did made 过去分词 walked, lived, studied, stopped, done, made 现在分词 walking, living, studying, stopping , doing, making3. 动词的时态 作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形态。英语共有十六种时态:一般现在时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 现在完成进行时一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去完成进行时一般将来时, 将来进行时, 将来完成时, 将来完成进行时一般过去将来时,过去将来进行时, 过去将来完成时, 过去将来完成进行时(1)一般现在时:表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,还可以表示客观真理。 动词的一般现在时形式随主语的人称和数而有所不同: 1)动词 be 有 am, are, is 三个一般现在时形式, 用于不同人称和数的主语, 即:I am, you /we /they are, he /she / it is 2)动词have 有have, has 两种一般现在时形式,即:I /you / we / they have, he / she / it has 3)其他动词用于主语时,其一般现在时即为动词原形,但是主语为第三人称单数时,动词词尾要加 -s 或 -es(基本与名词复数形式的变化规则相同),例如: make-makes, listen- listens, get- gets, read-reads teach-teaches, wish- wishes , go- goes, study- studies 例句:We are students of the Party School.(现在的特征或状态) 我们是党校的学生。 She often writes home on Saturday.(经常性或习惯性动作) 她常在星期六写家信。 The earth moves round the sun. ( 客观真理)地球绕太阳转。 They do not/ dont watch TV in the evening. 他们晚上不看电视。 He does not / doesnt go to bed at ten p.m. 他晚上十点不就寝。“Do you get up at 7 in the morning?” “Yes, I do.”“你早上7点起床吗?”“是的。” “Is his brother at a university?” “No, he is not /isnt. “他的哥哥/弟弟在上大学吗?“ 不,他没上。”(2) 现在进行时-表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。 现在进行时的形式:am / is / are + 现在分词(即动词的-ing形式)。 动词加-ing的规则 l)英语动词的-ing形式,通常是在原形上加ing构成。例如: blow _ blowing build _ building light lighting stand_ standing 2)如果动词以e结尾,一般应去掉e再加-ing。例如: leave leaving shine shining declare declaring choose 一 choosing die和lie应先将i变为y,去e,再加-ing: die dying lie lying 以-oe,- ee,-ye等结尾的动词,加-ing时不去e。例如: hoe _ hoeing agree_ agreeing dye _ dyeing 此外还有:singe 一 singeing 3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母(x除外),在-ing之前要重复词尾的辅音字母。例如: ! begin _ beginning stop _ stopping run running swim swimming 但也有少数动词并非以重读闭音节结尾,但在加-ing时其最后一个字母仍须重复。例如: humbug humbugging 还有少数以-ic结尾的动词,在加-ing时,须将ic变为ick再加-ing。 例: picnic - picnicking traffic trafficking 例句: I am watching TV now. 我(现在)在看电视 The dog is lying on the floor. 狗躺在地板上。 They are visiting Beijing this week. 本周他们在访问北京。 You are not doing your homework. 你现在没做作业。 Dick is not doing morning exercises these days. 这些天迪克没做早操。 “Are you swimming?” “ Yes, I am.” “你在游泳吗?” “是的。” “Is she reviewing her lessons?” “No, she is not.” “ 她在复习功课吗?” “没有。” “What are they doing at this moment?” “They are fishing.” “此刻他们在干么?” “在钓鱼。”(3)一般将来时-表示将要发生的动作或状态1)一般将来时的构成:I / We + shall / will + 动词原形 you/ he/ she/ it/ they + will + 动词原形I shall/will wait for you at the gate tomorrow morning. 明天上午我在大门口等你。 My sister will buy a computer next week. 我姐姐下周买电脑。They will have their English lessons in the classroom this morning. 今早他们在这间教室上英语。“Will you tell her about the news?” “ Yes, I will.” “你把这消息告诉她好吗?”“好的。”“When will the plane for New York take off?” “It will take off at eight oclock sharp.” “到纽约的飞机什么时候起飞?”“8点整起飞。2) be going to 结构+动词原形这一结构在形式上和进行时相同,可以用来表示打算、计划、安排要做的事情或预定要发生的事情。I am going to read the book tomorrow. 我打算明天看这本书。They are going to have a meeting this afternoon. 他们今天下午要开会。The manager is not going to buy a new car. 经理不打算买新车。“Are you going to plant trees next week?” “Yes, we are.” “你们下周要植树吗?” “是的。”“Where are you going?” “Im going to the library.”“你要去哪儿?”“去图书馆。”(4)一般过去时-表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,常与表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。 动词be的过去式有was , were 两种形式, 即 I / he-was, you/we/they -were。 其他动词分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词在词尾加-d或 ed 构成。1. 动词加-ed的规则 1)不以e结尾的动词原形,加-ed。例如: mend mended wait - waited play played plough -ploughed 2)以e结尾的动词原形,只要加-d。例如: phone - phoned displace - displaced assemble assembled 3)以单辅音字母结尾,而这个辅音字母之前为单元音字母a,e,i,o, u的单音节动词,在加-ed之前要重复词尾的辅音字母。例如: bed - bedded pad- padded fit 一 fitted stop stopped 对于具备上述条件的双音节动词,如果重音在最后音节,在加-ed时,仍应重复词尾的辅音字母。例如: occur - occurred refer - referred commit - committed equip - equipped allot allotted 如果重音不在最后音节,在加-ed时,不重复词尾辅音字母。例如: offer offered happen happened4)当动词原形以辅音字母十y结尾时,在加-ed之前,先把 y 变成i try tried occupy occupied 上述加-ed的规则也有少数例外,如 humbug等的重音并不在最后音节,但是加-ed时却要重复词尾辅音字母: humbughumbugged 又如picnic,traffic等的重音也不在最后音节,但在加-ed时要把c改为 ck后再加-ed: traffic-trafficked picnic picnicked 2。-ed读音规则 -ed词尾有三种读法: 1)在以d和t/ 结尾的动词后读作id。例如: padpad paddedpadid / pat/pat patted/patid 2)在以元音结尾或以除d / 以外的浊辅音结尾的动词后读作/ d 例如: praise /preiz/ praised /preizd/ 3)

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