动词不定式的用法透析.docx

动词不定式的用法透析动词不定式属于非谓语动词（即不能独立充当谓语）的一种形式，但它的语法功能却又非常丰富，在中考试题中所占的分量不可低估。以下谈一下动词不定式的语法功能 动词不定式是以“（to） + do”形式标榜自己的，其否定形式多以“not（to） + do”形式出现的。正因为如此，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词等特征，因而在句中可以作除谓语外的其他一切句子成分。另外，动词不定式又保留动词特点，所以有自己的宾语和状语，从而组成动词不定式短语。下面对动词不定式在句中的语法功能加以透视，并举例说明。 一、动词不定式充当主语动词不定式在句中可以直接作主语。当其作主语时，谓语动词需用单数形式。例如：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country. 对于一个国家来说，承办奥运会就是一份丰厚的奖品。【透视规律】动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式（短语）常后置。如要说明动词不定式的动作执行者，可在动词不定式前加一个介词for/of引导的短语，从而构成“Its+adj. (for/of sb.) to do”常用句型。例如：Its our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.It is possible (for us ) to fight against bird flu. 我们战胜禽流感是可能的。Its foolish (of you) to do such things. 做那样的事，你真是太愚蠢了。注：其中for/of的选择取决于其前的表语形容词，若为说明动作执行者的性格、品质的形容词，则通常用of，反之用for。还可以用公式Sb. + be + adj. (+ to do)来检验，若合乎逻辑，用介词of，反之用介词for。二、动词不定式作宾语一些动词（短语），如want/hope/wish/would like/decide/fail/agree/ask/cant wait/make up ones mind /set ones mind等，通常接动词不定式作宾语。例如：We agreed to start early. 我们同意一大早出发。【透视规律】当动词不定式作宾语，其后有形容词作宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语-动词不定式（短语）放在宾补之后，从而构成“主语+谓语+ it+宾语补足语+动词不定式（短语）”常用句型。例如：She found it a bit difficult to finish the work in two days. 她发觉两天内完成这项工作有点困难。注：love/ like/ begin/ start/ hate/ prefer 等动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接V-ing作宾语，其意义区别不大；0stop/ forget/remember/go on/ try等词或短语其后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语，意思差别较大，要搞清不同含义。试比较： remember to do记住要做（还未做） remember doing记住做了（已做过） forget to do忘了做（还未做） forget doing忘了做过（已做过） stop to do停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing停止做 go on to do接下来去做 go on doing继续做 try to do尽力做 try doing试着做（看有无结果） 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语 有些动词需要接动词不定式作宾语补足语。根据不定式的结构特征可分为三种类型：一些动词（短语）如tell/ask/ want/order/teach/ invite/ warn/wish/prefer/would like/hate/allow等习惯接带to的不定式作宾语补足语，从而构成tell sb. (not) to do sth. 结构。例如：Edisons mother taught him to read and write. 爱迪生的母亲教他读和写。tell him not to go there alone. 我叫他不要一个人去那儿。一些使役动词与感官动词，其后通常需接省略to 的不定式作宾语补足语，此类动词可归纳为“一感（feel），二听（hear/listen to），三让（let/make/have），四看（watch/notice/look at/see）。”例如：The boss made them work 16 hours a day.I heard her sing in the next room.注：若将上述主动结构变成被动结构，则不定式符号to要加上；但let不能用于被动结构。例如：They were made to work 16 hours a day by the boss.She was heard to sing in the next room.动词help之后作宾补的动词不定式，可带to，也可不带to。He helps me (to) study English.四、动词不定式作定语动词不定式可用作名词或代词的后置定语。例如：I have a lot of work to do. 今天我有很多作业要做。The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy.医生说他没法帮助那个孩子。【透视规律】动词不定式在句中作定语时，通常放在被修的名词、代词之后。动词不定式作后置定语，常用于“have+某事+to do”或“enough+名词+to do”结构中。注：如果动词不定式和前面所修的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，则要带上与之搭配的介词，构成及物动词短语，切记不要忘掉其中的介词。如：I have a small bedroom to live in.Have you got some pens to write with?五、动词不定式作表语：动词不定式（短语）作表语时，通常放在连系动词be 的后面。例如：My job is to teach English. 我的职业是教英语。The first important thing is to save the soldiers lives. 当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。【透视规律】动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对主语的内容进行说明或解释。六、动词不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语主要用来修饰动词。根据其用途主要分为三类：目的状语：不定式作目的状语主要跟在go/ come/ use/ live 等词的后面。例如：I come to see you. 我是来看你的。注：为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首或在不定式前面加in order或so as；若表示否定意思，则用in order not to或so as not to。例如：He runs fast in order to get there in time. 为了能及时到达那儿，他跑得很快。Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. 为了不至于开会迟到，咱们得快点。原因状语：不定式作原因状语主要跟在sorry/glad/surprised/disappointed/excited 等表语形容词之后。例如：I am glad to see you here. 在此地见到您真是高兴。I am sorry to trouble you so late. 这么晚打扰你真实抱歉。作结果状语。 例如：Some of the apples are hard to reach. 其中一些苹果很难够着。The room is large enough to hold 1,000 people. 这个房间大到能容纳1,000人。七、动词不定式短语作主语、宾语、表语等“连接代(副)词+动词不定式”构成不定式短语起名词作用，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。例如：The question is when to start. （表语）I dont know what to do next.（宾语）He taught us how to use the computer.（宾语补足语）Its still a question how to get there.（主语）八、动词不定式的固定结构 对于初三同学来说，除掌握动词不定式的上述语法功能外，还应牢记下列不定式的固定结构，它们可是中考的高频热点。too adj./adv. to doadj./adv. enough to doIt takes sb. some time to do sth.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.had better (not) do sth.Why not do?Will/Would you please (not) do sth.?【跟踪练习】I. 单项选择。选择下列各题的最佳答案。1. My mother often asks me _ early. (2003年北京)A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up2. The children should be told _ the traffic rules. (2004年沈阳市)A. to break B. break C. not to break D. not break3. Internet bars mustnt let people under 18 in or let anybody _ bad things. (2004年上海市)A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches4. Would you show me _ an e-mail, please? First time for me. (2004年河北) A. how to make B. how to send C. which to make D. when to send5. We should be more careful _ much time on computer games. (2004年包头市) A. not to spend B. to not spend C. not to cost D. not take to6. I hope _ a good job in a foreign company after I graduate _ school. (2004年沈阳市) A. to find; from B. finding; from C. to find; at D. finding; at7. Be careful! The water is too hot. Youd better _ it right now. (2004年吉林) A. do not drink B. not to drink C. not drink D. not drinking8. The light of this room was _ dim for Tom _ read last night. (2004年吉林) A. too; to B. enough; to C. too; not to D. not enough; to9. They preferred _ in bed rather than _ horses. (2004年黑龙江) A. to lie; to ride B. lying; riding C. to lie; ride D. lying; ride10.-What do you think of tomorrows football match? -_ difficult for us _ the match. (2004年长沙市)A. Were; to win B. Were; winning C. Its; to win D. Its; winning11. -Jack seems like a good student.-He is always the first _ his work. (2002年扬州市) A. finishes B. finishing C. finished D. to finish12. “Its never too late _.” Mother said to me. (2002年南通市) A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. learnt13. Mr Brown asked us to stop _, and we stopped _ to him at once. (2002年苏州市) A. talking; to listen B. to talk; to listen C. talking; listening D. to talk; listen14. After the P.E. class, the teacher offered us something _. (2003年扬州市)A. drink B. drinking C. drunk D. to drink15. Its nice _ you _ me with my maths. (2002年深圳市) A. for; to help B. for; helping C. of; to help D. of; helping16. All of us found _ difficult to work out the maths problem. A. what B. that C. which D. it17. -Would you please _ it again?-Sorry, I wont. (2003年湖北荆州) A. not do B. dont do C. not to do D. to not do18. Theres enough bird food _ for a month. (2001年山西) A. to last B. last C. lasts D. lasted19. She needs some paper to_. (2004年兰州市) A. write B. write in C. write with D. to write on20. I saw Betty go to Grandpa Zhangs home just now. -Yes, she is often seen _ the old man with his housework. (2003年呼和浩特市) A. help B. to help C. helps D. helped21. Yesterday morning I got up early _ be late for the exam. (2002年上海市) A. in order to B. in order to not C. so as not to D. so as to22. - This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me _ , Wang Lin? - Sure. (2003年)A. what to work it out B. what to work out it C. how to work it out D. how to w