比较级与冠词语法讲解.doc

原级、比较级和最高级形容词、副词原级的构成和用法1）构成：形容词和副词的原级形式是形容词和副词的原形。2）用法：当表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级adj./adv.+as”的结构；当表示双方不相等时，用“not as(so)+ 原级adj./adv.+as”的结构；当表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+as+原级adj./adv.+as”的结构。例如：He is as tall as Jack. / I speak English as fluently as you.Your bike is not as(so) new as hers.This road is three times as long as that one.比较级和最高级的构成和用法1）构成：几种类型规则变化单音节形容词以及少数以er,or结尾的形容词和副词加er，est例如：fast-faster-fastest; few-fewer-fewest; great-greater-greatest; clever-cleverer-cleverest以e结尾的形容词和副词后以及少数以-ble,-ple结尾的形容词和副词后，加r，st例如：large-larger-largest, able-abler-ablest, simple-simpler-simplest以辅音结尾、其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词，結尾要双写例如：hot-hotter-hottest以辅音加y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加ly构成的副词要将y改写为i，再加er，est例如：easy-easier-easiest, happy-happier-happiest early-earlier-earliest一般复杂形容词和副词在原级前more或most例如carefully-more carefully-most carefully少数单音节或双音节形容词也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。例如：tired-more tired-most tired; pleased-more pleased-most pleased;原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, illworseworstmany, muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolder(较老、较旧),elder（较年长）oldest(最老、最旧)，eldest(最年长)farfarter(较远的),further(进一步地)farest（最远的）furthest（最深刻地）2）用法：比较级的用法a.双方比较，表示一方超过（不及）另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示或“less+原级adj./adv.+than 。例如：This book is better than that one. This room is less beautiful than that one.b.表示一个方面随另一个方面的程度而变化时，用“the +比较级（+主语+谓语），the +比较级（+主语+谓语）”的结构。例如：The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.c.表示自身程度的改变“越来越-”时，用“比较级+and+比较级”结构表示。如：The weather is getting colder and colder.d.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：a)“倍数+as+原级adj.+as+被比较对象”，例如：This river is four times as long as that one.（这条河是那条河的四倍长）b)“倍数+the+size(length, width, depth, height)+of+被比较对象”，例如：This river is four times the length of that one.（这条河是那条河的四倍长）c)“倍数+比较级adj.+than+被比较对象”，例如：This river is three times longer than that one.（这条河是那条河的四倍长/这条河比那条河长三倍）最高级的用法三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the +最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。例如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works (the) hardest in his class.The Three Gorges area is one of the most beautiful areas of China.最高级可被序数词以及by far, by no means, much, nearly, almost, not quite, nothing like等词语修饰。例如：The Yangtze River is the worlds third longest river.How much did the second most expensive hat cost?This hat is by far / by no means / much / nearly / not nearly / almost / not quite / nothing like the biggest.注意：excellent(优秀的、极好的)，extreme（极端的），favourate(最喜爱的)，perfect（完美的）等词本身含有最高级的含义，所以它们没有比较级和最高级。冠词1）冠词有三种:即定冠词(the)、不定冠词(an、a)和零冠(/)。2）不定冠词的基本用法 A泛指某一类人或事物的一个或一类。A boy is waiting for you. A horse is an animal.B用于首次提到的人或物的单数名词前面。An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.C用于描写自然现象的名词前，表示“一阵”、“一场”、“一种”等。例如：snow- a snow 一场雪； shower- a shower 一阵暴雨D用在抽象名词之前表示具体介绍:是什么样的人，是什么样的事物。The little girl is a joy to her parents. He is a success. E用于某些固定的词组。 a lot of/ lots of 很多；a few 有些；a little 一些；a piece of 一张 to have a rest 休息一下；as a matter of fact 事实上3)定冠词的基本用法:特指某个或某些人或事物, 或指谈话双方都知道的人或事物, 或重复上文提到的人或事物。例如：There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby is very fat.指世界上独一无二的事物。如the sky; the universe; the atmosphere The earth is biggest than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 用在单数可数名词之前, 表示某一类人或事物。如：The lion is more fierce than the wolf. The compass was invented in ancient China.常用在乐器的名称之前。如：play the violin/piano用在某些专有名词前：the Peoples Republic of China, the Great Wall, the White House; 在江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊、群岛的名词之前： the Changjiang River; the Yellow River; the Salt Lake在姓氏的复数形式前加定冠词, 表示一家人。 the Smiths 史密斯一家人 The Wangs live in the next-door house.4)不加冠词的情况： 在大多数专有名词、泛指的抽象名词和物质名词前： We love science. She is fond of music. 在星期、月份、季节或节假日等名词前： National Day; New Years Day; Womens Day 在称呼语、表示头衔或职务的名词前Whats wrong with you, Uncle? This is Comrade Yang, chairman of the Students UnionHe reported this to Mr Black headmaster of the school. 在三餐饭和球类运动、棋类运动的名词前：I like rice for supper. Lets go and watch them play chess.国名、人名前面，一般不加定冠词。China, Japan, England, Mary, Henry等。但有的国名例外，如: the United States, the Philippines, the Peoples Republic of China。例题：选择填写 the，an，a，/1.It is not good idea to drive for four hours without break.(全国高考II)2. My neighbor asked me to go for walk,but I do not think I have got energy.3. apple fell from the tree and hit him on head.（浙江卷）选择4. Sudents should be encouraged to use Interent as resource.（山东卷） A /;a B/;the C the;/ D the;a5.In order to find better job, he decided to study second foreign language.（四川卷） A the;a B a;a C the;the D a;the6. this area experienced heaviest rainfall in month of May.（辽宁卷） A /;a B a; the C the;the D the;a 比较级例题：1.peters jacket looked like just the same as jacks,but it cost his. A as much twice as B twice as much as C much as twice as D as twice much as 2.with the railway speedup, air transport will have to compete with service for passagers. A good B better C best D the best 翻译：1.他和他学习一样好2.他的体重是她的两倍3.他是我们班最刻苦的同学阅读技巧三：查读查读(scanning)，也称为扫描式阅读，及带着所问问题阅读。在查读过程中，我们可以一目十行地快速扫描整篇文章，也可用手指或钢笔从左至右或逐行快速移动，同时眼睛要紧随其移动，查看所要寻找的具体内容，对那些与想要查找的信息无关的内容可一带而过甚至不必阅读。Last year I went to Nepal (尼泊尔) to work in a hospital. I think its important to see as much of a country as you can, but it is difficult to travel around Nepal. The hospital let me have a few days holiday, so I decided to go into the jungle (丛林) and I asked a Nepalese guide, Kamal Rai, to go with me. We started our trip at six in the morning with two elephants carrying our equipment. It was hot, but Kamal made me wear shoes and trousers to protect me from snakes. In the jungle there was a lot of wildlife, but we were trying to find big cats, especially tigers. We climbed onto the elephants backs to see better, but it is unusual to find tigers in the afternoon because they sleep in the daytime. Then, in the distance, we saw a tiger, and Kamal told me to be very quiet. We moved nearer and found a dead deer. This was the tigers lunch! I started to feel very frightened. We heard the tiger a second before we saw it. It jumped out suddenly, five hundred kilos plus and four meters long. It grabbed (咬住) Kamals leg between its teeth, but I succeeded (成功) in pulling Kamal away. One of our elephants ra