定语从句(红魔英语).doc

请注意：本资料课前必须认真阅读、理解，并且把第一部分的习题（高考真题精粹）做完，后一部分的习题（模拟题）先不做。定语从句PART ONE 概说 定语从句即指在主从复合句中用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词（不能修饰副词，也就是说先行词不能是副词，例如不能说I was born here,where I grew up.但是可以说 I was born in Changsha,where I grew up.）,对她进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词。引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质分为关系代词和关系副词。根据主语与从句关系的紧密程度，定语从句分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。PART TWO 关系词的用法 关系词根据其性质可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等。其中who,whom只用于指人，which,as只用于指物，whom，that既可用于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句中可用作主语，宾语，表语或定语；关系副词主要有when,where why,其中when表时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作定语。如： The man who(that)lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我的叔叔 Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ He is not a person whose promise you can build on. 他不是那种你可以信耐他的诺言的人 This is the mountain village where we stayed last year. 这是我们去年呆过的山村 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。PART THREE1 一看先行词的意义，即分清楚先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who 、whom，指人时通常不用which.2 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是充当什么句子成分（这里是说在定语从句内部而不是外部）是做主语还是宾语，是做定语还是状语，如做定于通常用whose,有时也用which,做状语要用when,where why.注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词就认为一定要用when, where,why来引导定语从句，要注意分清他们在定语从句中充当什么成分。如：I forget the time when he will come.我忘记了他来的时间。（when引导定语从句，在定语从句内部用作状语）I forget the time that he told me.我忘记了他告诉我的时间。（that 引导定语从句，在定语从句内部做宾语）The reason why he cant come is that he is ill.他不能来的原因是他病了。（why引导定语从句，在定语从句内部用作状语）The reason that he told me is not true.他告诉我的原因不真实。（that引导定语从句，在定语从句内部用作宾语）3 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that,why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如： If youve really said that to her,_will cause real trouble. A that B which C as D what此题答案是A而不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填which。正确的理解是：If youve really said that to her是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语（注意，that 有两种用法，一种是一般性的指代词，相当于一个名词，例如 That is a good idea.在定语从句中的that是一个关系代词，不是一般性的指代词，这里填入的that是做一般性指代词而不是关系代词。这个基础知识学生必须有，否则还是无法理解本题）PART FOUR 关系词的辨析1 that /which:两者都可指物，常可互换，其区别是：（1）引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后面做宾语时，要用which,如：Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。（2）以下五种情况都只能用that:1) 当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰，包括all, much,anything,something,nothing,everything等，例如All that can be done must be done.凡能做的事都必须做。2）受the very,the only,the same等修饰，如This is the only book that I find useful.这是我发现的唯一有用的书3）受形容词最高级或序数词（包括last,next）等修饰，如The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你应该做的第一件事是定个计划。4) 关系代词在定语从句中用作表语，如：China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。5）先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，如：They are talking about the people and the things that they remembered in the past.他们在谈论他们记得的过去的人和事。2 as/which的区别：（！） 引导限制性定语从句时，在such,as ,the same后只能用as,其他情况用which.如： He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看起来那么傻。 He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买的起的最贵的烟。（2） 引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可以互换，但若位于主句之前，则只能用as.如： I live a long way from work,as (which)you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。 As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都知道的。3 补充 who/whom区别：若关系代词直接接在介词后面，不能用who 而要用whom （这一条和第一条中that /which区别是一致的）如： I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music.4 补充 第3条和第一条中，如果介词放到了定语从句句中去了，而不是直接接which/whom,那么此时不仅仅可以用which/whom,也可以用that/who.例如，以上两例句可以改为 This is a subject which/that we might argue about for a long while. I wanted to find someone whom/who I could discuss music with.PART FIVE 关系词的省略 关系词有时可省略，但只限于限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。关系词的省略主要限于以下几个方面：1 关系代词做宾语时的省略。 当关系代词who,whom,which,that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略，如： Is there anything(that) you want? 想要什么东西吗？ Who is the man(that,who,whom)you were talking to just now? 刚才和你说话的人是谁？ 再比如刚提到的那2个例句可以说： This is a subject （which/that） we might argue about for a long while. I wanted to find someone （whom/who） I could discuss music with.2 关系代词做表语时的省略。 当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时，可以省略，如： China is not the country （that） it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。3 关系副词when的省略。 用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day,year,time等少数几个词后时可以省略（也可换成that）.如： That was the year (that)I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。 Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。4 关系副词where的省略。用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况。即用于place,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere少数几个词后时，可以省略，也可换成that,如：This is the place(that)we met yesterday.这就是我们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？5 关系副词why的省略.关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that/for which,均可省略。如：Thats the reason(why,for which,that)he came.这就是他来的原因。6 *当定语从句修饰名词way,表示做某事的方式时，引导词不能用how,(因为按照习俗how 不能引导定语从句)通常就不用关系词，但也可以用that/in which.例如：Everything depends on the way (that/in which)we look at it.一切事情都取决于我们看到他们的方式。This is the way (that/in which)he behaves.这就是他的处事方式。PART SIX 关于“介词+关系代词” 介词后直接跟有关系代词时要注意，此时的关系代词虽然用作介词的宾语，但不能省略，可以是which,但不能是that;可以是whom但不能是who.有些表示时间、地点和原因的“介词+关系代词”结构可以与相应的关系副词when,where,why互换，如：This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.这是我煮牛奶的锅 I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music.我想找一个能和我谈音乐的人。 The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们寻找的文件已经找到了。 These are the reasons for which (why)we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。 The period in which (when)man learnt to make tools of iron is called the Iron Age.人类学会制造铁器的时代称为铁器时代。PART SEVEN 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从形式上看，限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。从功能上看，限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略句意仍然清楚完整。例如：People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活的长些（若把从句去掉句子就失去意义）His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。（若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整）另外，限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词通常也有所不同。限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词。而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。如：Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这很危险。He changed his mind,which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指整个句子）Mr Smith,who is our boss,will leave for Japan next week.我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。（先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰）Her father,who has a lot of money,wishes her to study abroad.她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。（先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰）PART EIGHT 定语从句与并列句 有的考题为了增加难度和试题的灵活性，通常将定语从句与并列句结合起来考察，此时同学们要特别注意句中是否有并列连词and,but 等，如(1) He has two children,and both of _are abroad.(2) He has two children,both of _are abroad(3) He has two children,both of _being abroadA them B which C whom D who第1题选A 第2题选C，由于第一题中用了并列连词and,从而使整个句子为并列句，and 后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题，没有并列连词and ,both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。第3题，由于空格后没有谓语动词，而只有非谓语动词being,所以答案选A （逗号后为独立主格结构）高考真题精粹1 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_are sold abroad. A of which B which of C of them D of that 2 The English play _my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A for which B at which C in which D on which 3 _is often the case,we have worked out the the production plan. A Which B When C What D As 4 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course, made the others envy him. A who B that C what D which5 George Orwell,_was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays. A the real name B what his real name C his real name D whose real name6 There were dirty marks on her trousers,_she had wiped her hands. A where B which C when D that 7 What surprised me was not what he said but _he said it. A the way B in the way that C in the way D the way which8 Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _he is likely to lose control over the plane. A where B which C while D why 9 I can think of many cases _students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. A why B which C as D where10 The gentleman_you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A who B about whom C whom D with whom11 It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A that B while C which Dwhen 12 The result of the experiment was very good,_we hadnt expected. A when B that C which D what 13 Have you seen the film Titanic,_leading actor is world famous? A its B it C whose D which14 John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_was true. A he B this C which D who15 Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A he explained B what he explained C how he explained D why he explained 16 The famous basketballer,_tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention. A where B when C which D who17 We are living in an age _many things are done on computer. A which B that C whose D when 18 We will be shown around the city:schools,museums,and some other places ,_other visitors seldom go. A what B which C where D when19 York,_last year,is a nice old city. A that I visited B which I visited C where I visited D in which I visited20 Luckily, wed brought a road map without _we would have lost our way.模拟题1 Not having been there before,I simply had no idea about the place,_is worth visiting. A everybody says it B what everybody says C everybody says that D which everybody says2 _,the weather turned out to be very cold that day. A As was reported on the radio B It was said in the newspaper C Which was reported in the newspaper D Just like the weather report said3 Li Ming is the only one of the students in our class_seen the film “Titanic” A who havent B who hasnt C who didnt D who doesnt 4 is this museum_you visited last week? A where B which C that D the one5 When you visit London,one of the first things_you will see is Big Ben. A which B that C what D where6 Yesterday Miss Liu bought a sweater,_was very reasonable. A whose the price B the price of which C which price D its price7 The reason_she was ill was _she had eaten bad meat. A why,because B which,that C why,that D that,because8 She was no longer the girl _she was ten years ago. A who B what C that D whom9 Our teacher asked if you had made the same sentence _he wrote on the blackboard that morning. A that B which C