英语基本结构和基本概念.doc

基本语法概念(一)词类单词根据形式,意思,及其在句中的作用，可以分为十大词类。名称 英语名称 缩略形式 例词名词 noun n. book, boy, desk动词 verb v. can, am,like形容词 adjective adj. bright, big副词 adverb adv. often, quickly数词 numeral num. two, second代词 pronoun pron. we, it 以上这六类都有意义，可以单独作为一个句子成分，因此叫做实词。冠词 article art. a, an, the介词 preposition prep. of, for, on 连词 conjunction conj. and, if, but感叹词 interjection int. oh, ah这四类没有实在意义，也不能单独作为一个句子成分，因此叫做虚词。注意：很多单词可以有几种词类，它们在句子中担任不同的成分，词类也就不同。例如： He works hard.He has no work at present. 在这两个句子中，work担任了不同的句子成分。前者在句子中作谓语是动词。而后者在句子中作宾语是名词。(2) We study hard for our own future. Steel is hard.（二）短语 具有一定意义但不能构成一个句子或从句的一组词叫做短语。常见的有以下几种：介词短语 The picture on the wall is beautiful.句子中的on是个介词，on the wall是个介词短语，作picture 的定语。介词短语在句子中可以担任定语, 状语， 表语等。不定式短语 He often comes to see me.to see me 是个不定式短语在句子中作come 的目的状语（注意：不定式短语前面的to 不是介词， 人们通常把它叫做小品词）。不定式短语可以作主语，宾语，状语，宾语补足语和定语,表语等。分词短语 Seeing the photo, she couldnt help thinking of her child lost in the earthquake.句子中 seeing the photo 是现在分词，在句里作时间状语；lost in the earthquake 是个过去分词短语，作定语，修饰her child. 分词短语除了可以作状语和定语之外，还可以作表语和宾语补足语等。动名词短语 I remember telling you about it the day before yesterday.句中telling you about it the day before yesterday 是动名词短语，在句中作宾语。此外，动名词短语还可以作表语和主语。形容词短语 She gave me a cup full of water.句中full of water 是个形容词短语，在句中作定语，修饰cup.此外， 形容词短语还可以作表语，宾补，状语等。短语动词 有些动词和介词，副词等连用，构成的固定词组叫做短语动词。短语动词在分析句子时可以作为一个整体看待。例如：Who looks after the baby? Are you going to take part in the sports meeting?Im afraid of my father.（三）句子成分及其同词类，短语的关系 1. 主语 说明谁或什么东西怎样。 My sister is a nurse. 句中sister 就是主语。可以作主语的有： 名词： The book is mine. 代词主格: We are pal-friends. 不定式短语：To help others is a pleasure. 动名词短语： Getting up late means missing the train.谓语动词 说明主语的动作或状态。We love China; we love 2008 Olympic Games. 谓语动词由动词担任，不能由其它词类来担任。He fonded music.(fond 是形容词，应该为He is fond of music.)We discussioned the plan. (discussion 是名词，应该为discussed )She on foot to school. (on foot 是介词短语。应该为She walks to school/ She goes to school on foot.)宾语 宾语由两种。一种是及物词（Vt）的宾语。We often read newspapers. Newspapers 就是read的宾语。另外一种就是介词宾语。Please read after me. me就是介词after 的宾语。可以作宾语的有：名词：I have eaten two apples.代词宾格：He is waiting for you.不定式短语：I hope to see you again.动名词短语： She enjoys watching football games.宾语补足语 有些及物动词除了有宾语之外,后面还必须跟一个补加成分,句子的意思才能完整.我们称这些补加成分为宾语补足语或宾补. 宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语.例:We call him Xiao Li.The teacher asked her to come in. 常作宾语补足语的有：名词：We made her monitor. (名词作宾补表示宾语的身份或职务)形容词：What made you angry? (形容词作宾补表示宾语的状态或性质)动词不定式：He asked me to sit down. (不定式作宾补表示宾语将做某事或已经做了某事)现在分词： She watched us playing basketball. (现在分词作宾补表示宾语正在做某事).过去分词：He found the glass broken. (过去分词作宾补表示宾语与该动词是被动关系，即宾语被怎么了) 5 表语 它说明主语的身份，性质，地位或状态。连系主语和表语的动词叫系动词。 He is my father. Father就是表语。可以作表语的有： 名词： He became a doctor.( 表示主语的身份或职务时用名词作表语)形容词：My shirt is big.（表示主语的的性质时用形容词作表语）介词短语: Your book is under the desk. (表示主语的位置或状态时用介词短语作表语)不定式短语：My wish is to be a teacher. (表示主语的内容是将做某事或经常做某事时用不定式短语)动名词短语： Her job is driving a car. (表示主语的内容是经常坐某事时用动名词短语或不定式短语)6.定语 修饰名词或代词的词或短语叫做定语。 a clever girl 形容词 clever 是定语。 a window of our classroom 介词短语 of our classroom是window 的定语。 注意: 介词短语，不定式短语，现在分词短语和过去分词短语作定语时应该放在他们的后面。这一点与汉语不同。作定语的有： 形容词： He is a strong man.(表示名词的性质时)介词短语：The man at the door is our new teacher.名词: The woman doctor put the rice bag in a paper box.(表示性别，用途，材料时。)名词所有格和形容词物主代词： my fathers tie不定式短语： There are two students in our class to play at the concert tomorrow.现在分词和过去分词：the sleeping girl the lost girl The professor speaking to Mary has a bike made in China. 动名词：a reading room, a swimming pool (表示用途)状语 修饰动词，形容词和副词的叫做状语。You are completely wrong.It is raining heavily. 可以作状语的有：副词：A train runs fast.介词短语：I go to school by bike at six .不定式短语：He works hard to support his family.现在分词短语：Seeing her mother, the girl jumped with joy.(seeing her mother 作时间状语，主语the girl 是seeing 的执行者)过去分词短语：Carried in its mothers arms, the baby monkey was very happy. (carried in its mothers arms 作原因状语，主语the baby monkey 是carried 的承受者)注意在英语中状语的位置很灵活，这一点与汉语不一样。英语的5个基本句式1.S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓） Time flies. 1) S + V + adverbial(状语） Birds sing beautifully. 2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语） He went on holiday. 3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式） We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词） Ill go swimming.2. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾） We like English. 1) S + VT + N/Pron I like music. I like her. 2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式） I want to help him. 常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。 3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive I dont know what to do. 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。 4) S + VT + Gerund I enjoy living here. 常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, cant help等。 5) S + VT + That-clause I dont think (that) he is right. 常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出），show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪）。3. S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动）+ P（表） We are Chinese. 除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。 1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词） He is a boy. This is mine. 2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词） She is beautiful. 3) S + Lv + Adv (副词） Class is over. 4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词） He is excited. The film is interesting.4. S (主）+ VT （谓）+ In O（间接 宾） + D O（直接 宾） I give you help. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N I sent him a book. I bought May a book. 2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me. 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。 间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏），save, sing, spare等。5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O宾+ O C（宾补） I make you clear. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom. 常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white. 常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order. 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I wish you to stay. I made him work 常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love,