形容词和副词的基本用法.doc

第八章 形容词和副词的基本用法考试要点：1 掌握形容词和副词的用法2 掌握形容词和副词比较级、最高级的构成以及所构成的一些基本句型复习内容：一、 形容词形容词用以修饰名词或带刺，描绘人和事物的特征。如 a beautiful lady, a green meadow, something important等。（一） 形容词在句中的作用1. 作定语大多数形容词可以作定语修饰名词，其位置可放于名词之前。例如：The woman walked along the lakeside on a cool morning. “cool”是形容词，意思是“凉爽的”，在这里作定语，修饰名词“morning”。本句意为“那位妇女在凉爽的早上，沿湖边散步。”The children gave their classroom a thorough cleaning before childrens Day. 在这里是“儿童节前”，孩子们把他们的教师彻底地打扫了一遍。”但是，还有一些形容词，当它们在句中作定语时，只能放于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：present在场的、出席的，alive活着的，asleep睡着的，else别的、其他的等。请看例句：The people present at the meeting were interested in this plan. “present”在这里作后置定语，修饰前面的名词“the people”。Who is the greatest writer alive in the world? “alive”在这里作后置定语，修饰名词“writer”。What else did you mean、在这里“else”修饰疑问代词“what”。2. 作表语形容词作表语有以下两种情况：（1） 在系动词be之后作表语。例如：You are quite mistake.Life on our school campus is colorful.有时，形容词作表语后面还可以接动词不定式或者接状语从句。例如：We were glad to hear that our football team had won.They were surprised that we had give up the opportunity.(2)在系列动词之后作表语。这类连系动词有：sound听起来，look看起来，become变得，taste尝起来，smell闻起来等。请看例句：The theory sounds reasonable.Silk feels smooth.切记，连系动词后面只能接形容词作表语，不可以接副词。3. 作状语形容词或形容词短语都可以在句中作状语，大多数情况下都表示伴随状况，放于句首或句末。但有时也可以表示原因，一般放于句首。例如：He sat there, silent.(表示伴随状况)The old man went home(表伴随状况)Tired and thirsty, they went into a tea-house, sat down at a tea-table and had tea.(表示原因)4. 作宾语补足语英语中一些动词后面可以带复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，常见的这类动词如：make, find, keep, leave, get等，而且在这种结构中形容词也可以作宾语补足语。例如：have you got everything ready for the journey?Who has left the door open?5. 独立成分Straightly say, he id still sure of it.I said it would happen, sure enough it did happen.More important, hes got a steady job.(二)表语性形容词和定语性形容词根据形容词在句中的作用，我们可以把形容词分为表语性形容词和定语性形容词。一般来说，大多数形容词既可以修饰名词或代词，作定语，又可以在句中作表语。例如：The new is surprising.(作表语)We heard the surprising news.(作定语)Mary is lovely（作表语）Mary is lovely girl（作定语）但是，表语性形容词只能在句中作表语，不可以作定语；而定语性形容词则只能在句中作定语，不可以作表语。下面我们分别加以讲解。1. 表语性形容词这类形容词只能在句中作表语，它包括以下三个方面。（1） 以a开头的形容词。如alike同样的，alive活着的，afraid害怕的，alone单独的，awake醒着的，asleep睡着的，等等。例如：She was afraid to go home and face her stepmother.The two boys are so alike that I cant tell which is which.(2)表示健康状况的形容词。如well健康的，ill患病的，faint虚弱的等。例如：My mother didnt feel well, but the doctor said it was nothing serious. “well” 在这里是形容词，意为“身体”健康的，舒适的”，而不是副词。所以这句话的意思是“我母亲感觉不舒服，可是医生说没什么要紧。”My strength has grown faint as Im getting on in years. “grown”在这里是系动词，相当于，“become”，意为“变得”，此句意思为“我上了年纪，体力虚弱”。（3）某些表示情感和心理状况的形容词。这类形容词有：glad高兴的，sorry后悔的、难过的，fond喜欢的，content满意的，满足的等。例如：Im glad of your success in your study.Johnson was sorry about what he had done.The young man is content with his present job and position.The students are still not sour of certain grammar items.其他形容词如worth值钱、值得的， scarce缺乏的，unable不会的等也只能在句中作,表语。例如：To my surprise, the dictionary was worth only $20.Because of the hot weather, water is scarce in this city.The boy has already 16 years old, but he was still unable to read and write.另外我们还须注意，某些形容词既可以在句中作表语，又可以作定语，但他们却具有不同的含义。如complete, ready, worthy, ill, certain, faint, live等。请看下面例句：The building is now complete.Our library has a complete set of Lu Xuns works.第一句中，“complete”作表语，意思是“完成的、竣工的，”所以全句意思为“这座大楼现已竣工。”第二句中“complete”作定语，意为“完整的”，此句意思是“我们图书馆有一套完整的鲁迅全集”。Theyre ready to set off. 他们已准备好出发。This book cant give us a ready answer to the question. 这本书不能给我们问题的现成的答案。The problem is worthy to be discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。They live a worthy life. 他们过着有意义的生活。She fell ill after she returned from Paris. 从巴黎回来后她生病了。Its said that the medicine has ill effect on children. 据说这药对儿童有不良影响。Im not certain who she is.我不能确信她是谁。I know he did that foolish thing for a certain reason.我知道他干那件愚蠢的事情是出于某种理由。She looked almost faint. 她看上去几乎很虚弱。There is a faint hope that his mother may be cured.她母亲治愈的希望很微弱。I was not a recorded football match. It was live. 这不是足球比赛录像，是实况。The woman came back with a few live fish. 这位妇女带回几条活鱼。2. 定语性形容词定语性形容词只能在句中作定语，一般只在句中作定语。在构词法里面，大家了解到一些名词在后面接y 变为形容词，如honesthonesty， wealthwealthy， lucklucky， healthhealthy，等。例如：You can believe what an honesty man says.His father is a wealthy man.还有一类名词后接al, 转化为形容词， 如nationnational， naturenatural， centrecentral， agricultureagricultural等。例如：China is rich in natural resources.Agricultural development is important to a country.Read the passage and grasp its central idea.(2) 以ly结尾表示时间的名词，如daily每日的，weekly每周的，monthly每月的，yearly每年的，等等。请看例句：Television has become a necessary part of our daily life.This is a weekly magazine.除了上面所讲的表示时间的名词后加ly 变为形容词之外， 还有一些词后加ly 也变为形容词，常见的这类派生词有以下两类：A. “名词+ly形容词”， 如friendly 有好的，lovely可爱的，orderly有持续的，brotherly兄弟般的；B. “形容词+ly形容词 ”，如lively活泼的， lonely孤独的，likely可能的，deadly致命的等。还有一些形容词或副词本身就带ly，并不是后缀ly，如silly（adj.愚蠢的），early（adj. 早）等，切不可以把这些词误以为是副词。（3）其他如former从前的，latter后来的，inner内部的，outer外部的，elder年长的，only唯一的，等也是定语性形容词。例如：She calls on her former teacher from time to time. 她常去看望她从前的老师。They will have a lot of work to do in the latter half of the week.There is no gravity in outer space.The old TVset is the only valuable thing in his house.(三) 名词化的形容词用作名词的形容词叫做名词化的形容词。名词化形容词常与定冠词连用。1. 泛指一类人，含复数概念。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The good are happy.The silk were sent to the hospital.The English are great lovers for tea.2. 指抽象概念。作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：The beautiful can never die.The true is to be distinguished from the false.The moon was at the full tonight.3. 有些形容词可以加复数词尾S. 例如：He asked one of the locals which way to go.The book deals with only the fundamentals of economics.Were taking our finals next week.（