2011年职称英语等级考试卫生类B级真题阅读文章翻译2015年职称英语真题备考.docx

职称英语备考真题2011年职称英语等级考试真题（卫生类B级）2015年职称英语真题备考学派网职称英语团队原创0 第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Relieving the Pain“Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,” say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. “People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising.” The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins（内啡肽）, the bodys “feel-good” chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. “Its crazy,” says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. “Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors. Ive just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different- names.”A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice tai chi（太极）, self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program. “The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence,” explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. “Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment.”减轻痛苦“锻炼可能是治疗慢性疼痛最好的方法，”一家治疗疼痛的新诊所里面的医生说道。“有慢性疼痛的病人需要多出去走走，开始锻炼身体，不要总是躺着”。有剧烈疼痛的时候，人的本能是停止活动来保护疼痛的地方。但是不动似乎并不见效，尤其是背疼。背疼已经成为人们去看医生的第三大常见的原因，仅次于头疼和疲劳。背疼导致很多人休长假。腰疼部分原因是因为人们翘起前足，但因为久坐不动的生活方式而更糟糕。缺少锻炼慢慢会减少肌肉灵活性以及力量，因此解除疼痛处的压力会更困难。锻炼是最基本的。锻炼能排出内啡肽，内啡肽是体内一种“感觉良好”的化学成分，是一种天然止疼药。事实上，这些很重要，研究人员正在寻找能让体内的内啡肽保持在一个舒适水平的药物。家庭医生给大部分抱怨疼痛的人都开了止疼药，而不是要求锻炼。因为找到背部疼痛的原因并不那么容易，医生经常并不知道病人不舒服的确切原因，随着疼痛的继续，病人最后只得服用更强的甚至一系列不同的药。“这很疯狂”， Dr. Brasseur说道，他是国际疼痛研究协会的一名治疗专家。“他们有些人服用不同医生开出的不同药。我刚见一个病人，他服用两种药，结果这两种药是同样的东西，不同的名字。”新建立的疼痛诊所运营的基础是药物最好要避免。一旦患者已经经历了最初的身体以及心理检查，他们的药物要尽可能多的被减掉。让患者脱离药物也让他们做好了运动的准备。在有些疼痛治疗诊所，病人开始的时候做肌肉收缩，放松运动，接着一个小时是自行车锻炼。迟些时候，他们会打太极，正当自卫以及冥想。这和传统医院项目的为期一周每天平均两个半小时的理疗想成对照。“这个理念就是加强并且增加持久的精力，灵活性以及自信，”Bill Wiles解释道，他是利物浦一个疼痛咨询医生。“经历这种治疗的病人比那些接受保守治疗的病人更快的重返工作岗位以及重新开始健康的积极的生活方式。”16To treat pain, patients should stop moving around.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned17Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned18Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned19Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned20Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned21Exercise helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned22New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned1 第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。The Meaning of Dreams1Dreams play an important role in our lives. If they can be correctly interpreted, we can come to understand ourselves better. Here, we look at four common dreams and what they potentially symbolize.2I can see their laughing faces . laughing at me. But they arent as smart. If they were, theyd be up here flying with me! This dream has both positive and negative connotations（涵义）. On the positive side, the dream may express a strong desire to travel and get away from everyday routine. It can also be interpreted as a powerful desire to achieve. On the other hand, this dream can mean the person has a problem or is afraid of something and they wish to escape. The dream could represent an inferiority complex（自卑情结）, which the dreamer attempts to escape from by putting themselves up above others.3Im moving fast now, but its still behind me. Doesnt matter how fast I go, I still cant escape. Although this is a traditional symbol of health and vitality（生命力）like the first one, it can also suggest the dreamer is trying to escape from danger. Usually, fear is the dominant emotion. By running hard, the dreamer can possibly escape the threat. However, they can also stumble（蹒跚）or worse still stop moving altogether. This makes the fear even more terrifying（恐怖的）. One possible interpretation suggests that the person is under pressure in their everyday life.4Im sweating and my heart is beating. Im trapped in my own bed. In this dream, the person is often standing on a high, exposed place such as on the top of a tower, or on the edge of a cliff. The overwhelming（强烈的）feeling changes from anxiety to a loss of control. There is nothing to stop the person, and the feeling as they go over the edge can be horrifyingly (（恐怖地）real. Fortunately, just before hitting the ground, the dreamer awakens with a sense of enormous relief. This dream suggests that the dreamer is afraid of losing control and has a fear of failure or even death.5The wind is pushing me and I slip. Theres nothing I can do nothing I can hold on to. This symbol is associated with fear: suddenly the dreamer loses all power of movement. They try hard to move their arms and legs, but they simply cannot. Frozen in a terrifying situation with no escape, they become more and more terrified as the seconds go by. Another frequent context for this dream is failing to do something in public, often something which you are normally very good at, such as your job. Not only is this extremely embarrassing, but it also shows a deep-seated phobia（恐惧）of losing a job and a livelihood.做梦的意义做梦在我们的生活在扮演着重要的角色。如果梦能被正确的解析，我们就能更好的了解自己了。在这里，我们看看四个普通的梦，以及他们可能代表着什么。我看到他们的笑脸对着我笑。但是他们不是那么聪明。如果他们聪明的话，他们会在上面和我一起飞翔。这个梦既有积极涵义，又有消极涵义。积极的一面是，这个梦可能表达了一种去旅游并且摆脱每天的日常生活的强烈愿望。它也可以被理解为想取得成就的强烈愿望。另一方面，这个梦可能意味着做梦人有什么问题或者是在害怕什么，并且想逃跑。这个梦代表着一种自卑情结，做梦人让自己所处的位置比其他人高，从而试图逃离。我现在跑得很快，但是它仍在我身后。无论我跑得多快，我仍然无法逃跑。尽管这和第一个梦一样，是健康和生命力的传统象征，它也暗示着做梦者正试图摆脱危险。通常，恐惧情绪占主导。通过快速奔跑，做梦者可能会摆脱威胁。然而，他们也可能蹒跚或者更糟的是整个停止移动。这个让恐惧更加恐怖。一个可能的解释是这个人在日常生活中面临压力。我在冒汗，我的心在跳动。我被困在自己的床上。在这个梦里，做梦者通常站在一个很高的暴露的地方，比如塔顶，或者悬崖边缘。这种强烈的感觉通常从焦虑变为失去控制。没有什么能阻止这个人，而且那种在悬崖边走动的感觉真实得让人恐怖。幸运的是，正当要掉到地面的时候，做梦者醒来了，感到一种巨大的解脱。这个梦暗示做梦者害怕失去控制，并且害怕失败甚至死亡。风在使劲吹着我，我滑倒了。我什么也做不了没有什么能让我抓住。这个梦跟恐惧相关：突然做梦者失去了所有动弹的力量。他们努力想移动手臂或者胳膊，但是就是不行。在一个令人恐怖的情形里被冻结，无法逃跑，随着时间一秒秒推移，他们会变得越来越恐惧。这个梦另外一个常有的背景是做梦者在公众场合未来完成什么事情，常常是他们正常情况下很擅长的事情，比如你的工作。这个不仅让人极其尴尬，它还暗示着对失去工作以及生计的一种深深的恐惧。2 第4部分：阅读理解（第3145题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldnt remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employers doctor didnt agree.What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, its wise not to use your mobile phone too often.手机：挂断还是继续聊？如今数以百万的人在使用手机。在很多地方，如果不用手机会被认为不正常。在很多国家，手机在年轻人中很流行。他们认为手机不仅是一种联系方式有一个手机表明他们很酷，和外界有关联。手机使用在全世界范围内的爆炸式的增长让有些健康专家很着急。有些医生担心未来很多人会因为使用手机遭到健康问题。在英国，关于这个问题有个很严肃的辩论。手机公司担心这种思想的宣传会产生负面影响。他们认为没有证据证明使用手机有害健康。另一方面，为什么一些医学研究表明使用手机的部分人群的脑细胞发生改变。大脑以及头部组织的变化迹象能通过现代的扫描设备检测出来。有个例子就是一个旅行推销员很年轻就因为严重的失忆而退休了。他甚至连一些简单的任务都记不住。他经常忘记自己儿子的名字。这个人在几年时间内，每周的每个工作日都要使用电话长达六个小时。他的家庭医生责怪他不该过多使用手机，但是老板的医生不这么认为。是什么让手机存在潜在的危害呢？答案是辐射。高科技机器能够检测到手机里的极少量辐射。手机公司承认是有辐射，但是他们说辐射量很小，不足以引起担心。随着手机安全性讨论的继续，似乎最好的办法是不那么经常使用手机。需要打长时间的电话时，使用你的座机。仅在你真的需要使用手机的时候再用。手机很有用，也很方便，尤其是在紧急情况下。未来，手机可能会有一个警告标志，提醒你手机有害健康。因此现在明智的做法是不要经常使用手机。31People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT thatAtheyre cheap.Btheyre popularCtheyre useful.Dtheyre convenient.32The word “detected” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced byAcured.Bremoved.Ccaused.Ddiscovered.33The salesman retired young becauseAhe disliked using mobile phones.Bhe was tired of talking on his mobile phone.Che couldnt remember simple tasks.Dhis employers doctor persuaded him to.34On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companiesAdeny the existence of mobile phone radiation.Bhold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry aboutCdevelop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation.Dtry to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health.35The writers purpose of writing this article is to advise peopleAto buy mobile phones.Bto update regular phones.Cto stop using mobile phones.Dto use mobile phones less often.第二篇Preventing Child Maltreatment（虐待）Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence（流行）of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 510% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25 50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse and neglect).Every year, there are about 31,000 homicide（杀人）deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair（伤害）the development of the nervous and immune（免疫）systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via（通过）the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when one attempts to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special needs crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.防止儿童虐待儿童虐待是一个全球问题，会带来严重的终身影响。对儿童虐待在全球的发生情况还没有一个可靠的估计。很多国家的数据很缺乏，尤其是中低收入的国家。儿童虐待的研究很复杂，也很困难。目前的估计变化很大，根据国家以及使用的研究方法的不同。然而，国际研究显示，大约有20%的男人以及5%到10%的女人在小的时候受到了性虐待，而有25%到50%的儿童受到了身体虐待。另外，很多儿童受到了精神虐待（有时候被称为心理虐待和忽视）每年大约有31000个15岁以下儿童被杀。这个数据低估了一个问题，就是那些被错误归结为摔死、烧死或者淹死的儿童，实际上是被虐待死亡的儿童，而这在儿童死亡中占了很大的比例。儿童虐待导致儿童以及家庭受苦，并且可能会产生长期的后果。虐待产生压力，这些压力跟早期大脑的发展破坏有关。极端的压力会伤害神经以及免疫系统的发展。因此，受到虐待的儿童到成年的时候在行为、身体以及精神健康上出现问题的风险就会增加。通过对行为以及心理健康产生影响，虐待会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传染病。儿童虐待除了有精神影响，还会有经济影响，包括住院的费用，心理健康治疗，儿童福利以及长期的健康花费。儿童虐待的风险因素已经被识别出来。虽然这些风险因素并不存在于所有的社会以及文化背景中，但是当人们试图了解儿童虐待的原因时，这些因素也能提供一个概观。强调儿童是受害者，决不能因为虐待责怪儿童很重要。小孩的一些特征可能会增加被虐待的可能性，比如是四岁以下，或者是遭到父母嫌弃的青少年，或者是没能完成父母的期望以及因为特殊需求总是哭个不停或者是身体有残疾的孩子。36International studies reveal thatAmany children have been neglected.Bchild maltreatment is most serious in developed countries.C20% of children have been sexually abused.D25 50% of girls have been physically abused.37The word “underestimates” in paragraph 3 meansAexaggerates.Bpoints out.Cassumes.Dmiscalculates.38Child maltreatment can bring all the following consequences EXCEPTAstress.Bsuicide.Cheart disease.Dpoor memory.39Children are more likely to be maltreated if theyAcry a lot.Bare not good-looking.Care over 4 years old.Dare quiet.40We can infer from the passage thatAresearchers have collected enough data on child maltreatment.Bmore than 31,000 children under 15 are killed every year.Cmany countries have set up special institutions for maltreated children.Dsome children are also to blame for maltreatment.第三篇Sprained（扭伤）AnkleOne of the most common injuries teenagers and adults experience is a sprained ankle. A sprain occurs when the ligaments（韧带）of a joint are twisted（扭伤）and possibly torn. Ligaments are bands of fibers that hold the bones of a joint in position. A sprain can occur from a sudden twisting at the joint, or a stretching or tearing of the fibers of the ligaments. The injured area usually swells（肿胀）and becomes black and blue. Stepping off the sidewalk at the wrong angle or having one foot land in a hole while walking or running can leave you rolling on the ground in pain with an ankle on fire! If you cannot walk without experiencing intense pain, you must seek medical help. If the pain is manageable, and you can walk, here are three words to help you remember how to treat yourself:Elevate（抬高）CoolBandage（打绷带）As soon as there is injury to that ligament, there will be a certain amount of bleeding under the skin. Once the blood pools around the damaged blood vessels, swelling occurs. The pressure from the swelling results in additional stress and tenderness to the region. In order to reduce the degree of swelling, lie down as soon as possible and keep the ankle elevated so that it is actually higher than your heart. Next, to reduce blood distribution and keep bleeding to a minimum, apply a cold pack. After 20 minutes, take the pack off, wait half an hour and then reapply. This can be done several times a day for a total of three days.Never leave a cold pack on for more than 20 minutes at a time. Reducing the temperature in that area for an extended period of time signals the body to increase blood flow to raise the body temperature! Therefore, one accidentally triggers more blood distribution to the affected area by leaving a cold pack on for too long! Finally, bandage the ankle. Be careful not to wind it too tightly; doing so can restrict blood flow and cause harm to the entire foot.扭伤的脚踝青少年以及成年人最常见的受伤是脚踝扭伤。当关节的韧带扭伤或者是撕裂的时候会发生扭伤。韧带是将关节处的骨头控制在一定位置的一团纤维。突然扭曲关节或者拉伸或者是撕开韧带处的纤维会出现扭伤。受伤的部分通常会肿胀，变成了乌黑色。在人行道上走路角度不对，或者是在走路或者跑步的时候将脚踏进洞里，你的脚踝会像着火一样，疼得在地上打滚。如果你走路的时候会有剧烈疼痛，你必须去看医生。如果疼痛可以忍受，你能走路，这里有三个词帮助你记住如何治疗。抬高冷敷打绷带一旦韧带受伤，皮肤下面会有一定量的出血。一旦血液在受伤的血管聚集，就会发生肿胀。肿胀部分的压力会导致受伤区域有更多的压力和压痛感。为了减少肿胀程度，尽快躺下来，抬高脚踝，这样脚踝就比你的心脏位置高。下一步，为了减少血液分布，将出血降到最少，敷上一个冰袋。20分钟之后，把冰袋拿掉，等半小时之后，再敷上。就这样每天敷几