With复合结构的用法小结.doc

With复合结构的用法小结with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 1.with宾语(名词或代词)n. He cut the paper with a ruler his knife.他用尺当刀子裁开了纸。The man fought against the thief_.那男子以木棍作武器同盗贼搏斗。2.with宾语(名词或代词)adj. He used to sleep with the window open. (表示伴随情况)他过去经常开着窗户睡觉。The children were making a snowman,_.孩子们正在做雪人，双手冻得通红。(结果状语)3.with宾语(名词或代词)adv. The little boy ran along the street with nothing on.小男孩沿街跑着，什么也没穿。(方式状语) He fell asleep _.他睡着了，灯还亮着。(伴随状语) 4.with宾语(名词或代词)prep. The farmer went to the field with a spade on his shoulder.这位农民肩扛铁锨下田干活了。Jack walked into the classroom _杰克手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。(表示伴随) (hand)5.with宾语(名词或代词)V-ing She felt nervous with the whole class staring at her.由于全班都盯着她看，她感到紧张。(表示原因) He fell asleep _.他睡着了，收音机还在响着。(表示伴随) (work)6.with宾语(名词或代词)V-ed With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥当以后，他离开了办公室。(表示时间) The woman was worrying _.这位妇人正焦急，因为她的车票丢了。(表示原因) _(没有东西剩下) in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.7.with宾语(名词或代词)to do With a lot of work to do, he was not allowed to go out.由于有许多工作要做，他不允许出去。(表示原因) We feel safe_.有这样的好老师教我们功课，我们感到放心。1. with a stick his weapon 2. with their hands red and cold 3. with the light on 4. with some books in his hand. 5. with his radio still working 6. with her ticket lost；With nothing left 7. with such good teachers to teach us lessons二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1. From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 2. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 三、 with结构的特点 with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如： With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）（He was taken good care of.） She fell asleep with the light burning. （The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. （Her hair was gone.）With his eyes fixed on paper, he was lost in thought. (His eyes were fixed on the paper.) 四、 注意 1. with结构作状语时，不定式、现在分词 、和过去分词的区别： 在with结构中，不定式、现在分词作宾补，表示主动，但是不定式表示将要发生的动作，而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作（ 不用having done）；过去分词表示被动或完成（不用having been done）。 例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路） With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天将领路） He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寝室被关着） _, the banquet was declare open.所有的客人都来了，宴会宣布开始。（arrive）动词-ing形式、动词不定式与动词-ed形式作宾补的区别一、现在分词作宾补现在分词作宾补表示动作当时正在进行，尚未结束，强调动作的发生过程或当时一段时间的状态。此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是主动的主谓关系。下列两类动词之后通常用现在分词作宾补。1、表“感觉”的动词：see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：I heard Tom singing an English song in the next room.（汤姆正在唱一首英文歌歌。）He looked around and caught a man_the pocket of a passenger.他环顾四周，无意中发现一个人正把手伸进旅客的钱包。He_in the hall, so he was fined heavily. 有人发现他在大厅里抽烟，结果被重罚。如果宾语与宾补之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系，则要用v-ing形式的被动语态being done。如：You will find the matter being talked about all over the town你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。The boy liked to watch the boats _being loaded and unloaded. 这男孩爱看轮船装卸货物。You will find the matter _being talked about all over the town你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。2、表“使役”的动词：have; keep; get; start; send; leave等。例如： His letter left me _feeling pretty bad他的信使我感到相当难受。（指当时那段时间的状态。）Im sorry to keep you_.waiting so long a time. 很抱歉让您久等了。 （指当时那段时间“等待”的状态。）二、过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补，强调动作的完成和结果，此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是被动的主谓关系。它主要是用在下列三类动词之后。1、 表示“感觉”的动词，主要有see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：When they got there，they found the house burnt down（房子已经被“烧掉”，强调结果。）I heard the song sung yesterday.（ 歌被人“唱”。）2、 表示“心理状态”的动词：like; think; expect; want; wish等。例如：The waitress asked the American how he liked his steak cooked.女服务员问那个美国人愿意怎么烹调牛排。（牛排被“烹调”。） I wish my homework finished before five oclock. (作业被“完成”。)3、 表示“使役”的动词：have; get; leave; keep; make; order 等。Dont leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。(事情被“做”。)The teacher couldnt make himself paid attention to because there was too much noise outside. 老师无法让（学生）集中注意力，因为外面太吵了。（指老师本人不能被学生“注意”。）注意：使役动词have, make, get, keep与leave后可跟不定式、-ing形式或-ed形式作宾补 have+ 宾语+宾补have + 宾语 + done (表被动) “请人做某事”或“宾语遭受损失”。= get +宾语+donehave + 宾语 + do sth (表主动) “让某人做”，指一次性动作。have +宾语 + doing sth (+延续时间状语) 表主动,“使处于反复进行的状态中”。 cant have sb. doing 绝不允许某人做I had a report written for the meeting. 我请人写了一份会议报告。The film had us laughing from beginning to end.这部电影让我们从头笑到尾。Dont worry. Ill have Jack help you with your work. 别急，我会让杰克帮你做这事。make + 宾语+宾补make + 宾语 + done(understood, heard, known, surprised等) “使被做”make + 宾语 + do “使做某事”Speak louder to make yourself heard.get+ 宾语+宾补 get + 宾语 + done “请人做某事”或“宾语遭受损失”= have + 宾语 + doneget + 宾语 + to do “使做某事”get + 宾语+ doing “使发动，开始”1. When are you going to get your hair cut?2. Ill get him to do the work.3. Can you get the old car going again?keep / leave+ 宾语+宾补 keep / leave + 宾语 + doing sth“使保持继续进行的状态”，表主动。 keep / leave 宾语 + done “使继续保持被动的状态”，表被动。 leave + 宾语+ to do “使去做某事”1. She kept me waiting for half an hour.2. Well keep you informed of how things are going with us.(让了解)3. We all went home, leaving him to finish the remaining task.1. being loaded and unloaded三、动词不定式作宾补在英语中有些动词要求接动词不定式作宾补。它表示该动作发生在谓语动词之后，属将要发生的动作。应注意如下几个方面：1、 带to的不定式作宾补。有这种用法的动词常见的有：ask; tell; get; wish; like; want; expect;prefer; enable; teach; know; understand; would like;cause;force; know;intend; permit; request; order; invite; encourage; warn; remind; oblige; forbid; challenge; drive等。例如：Wei Fang asked me to go shopping with her.（“逛商场”这个动作发生在“叫”之后。）Our teacher encouraged us to study harder.（“努力学习”发生在“鼓励：之后。）注意：1）当表示“见解、看法”的动词后带不定式作宾补时，其宾补形式通常是to be或to have done。这类词通常有：believe; consider; declare; discover; guess; declare; find; im