福建茶盆景的制作与养护管理方法.doc

/ / / / 福建茶盆景的制作与养护管理方法盆景起源于中国,在世界艺术之林中,它是富有自然情趣的东方艺术精品之一,也是我国独特的传统园林艺术之一。它以植物、山、石、水、土等为素材,经过园艺师的构思设计,造型加工,精心护养而成。盆景展现了大自然的无限风光,所以人们把盆景誉为“立体的画”和“无声的诗”。随着时间和季节的变化,它还可以呈现出不同的姿态、色彩和意境。Bonsai originated in China, in the forest of world art, it is one of the rich natural appeal of Oriental art, is also one of the unique Chinese traditional garden art. It to plant, mountain, stone, water, soil and other material, after gardener of conception design, molding processing, meticulous care. Bonsai shows the limitless scenery of nature, so people put miniascape known as three-dimensional painting and silent poetry. As the change of time and season, it can also present a different posture, color and artistic conception. 从某种概念来讲,盆景也是美学、文学和科学的综合体。所谓美学,盆景的制作要给人以美的欣赏,古雅秀美,神韵生动,耐人寻味;所谓文学,盆景造型构思,有诗情画意,有高低层次,有抑扬顿挫,起承转合,反映出较高的文采水平;所谓科学,盆景的主要造型材料为植物,具有生命的特征及生长发育的规律,这就决定了制作它必须掌握园艺科学的知识和进行长期的艺术加工以及养护管理工作,才能确保它的正常生长和优美的姿态。Will tell from some kind of concept, miniascape also is combination of aesthetics, literature and science. The so-called aesthetics, bonsai production to give a person with appreciation of beauty, quaint and elegant, verve and vivid, interesting; So-called literature, bonsai modelling design, there is picturesque, have high and low levels, cadence, utterer, reflects a higher literary level; The so-called scientific, miniascape of main materials for the plant modelling, has the characteristics of life and the law of growth and development, its decided to make it must master the art of horticulture scientific knowledge and long-term processing and maintenance management work, to ensure its normal growth and graceful posture. 一、形态特征A, the morphological characteristics. 福建茶又称基及树、猫仔树,为紫草科常绿灌木。树形矮小,枝条密集,叶形小,长椭圆形,浓绿而有光泽。春夏开白色小花,核果球形,初绿后红。它的树干嶙峋,虬曲多姿,树姿飘逸,是岭南四大盆景树种之一,也是我国入世后出口美国的五种(即黄杨类、福建茶、罗汉松、雀梅、六月雪)盆景植物之一。Fujian tea is also called base and tree, cat tree, borage evergreen shrubs. Small tree small, dense branches, leaf shape, long elliptic, thick and glossy. At the beginning of spring and summer of white blossoms, drupe globose, red green. Its trunk, rocky QiuQu, tree appearance is elegant, is one of the lingnan miniascape of four tree species, is also Chinas exports in the United States after five (i.e., huang, fujian tea, podocarpus, qiao mei, June snow) one of potted plants. 二、福建茶盆景的制作方法Ii. miniascape of fujian tea production methods (一)造型。制作福建茶盆景,可在春季或梅雨季节选取生长健壮的一年生枝条或当年生半木质化枝条进行扦插繁殖;也可在初夏至初秋期间采用根插繁殖来获得苗木。(a) modelling. Fujian tea garden, can grow in the spring or plum rains season choose a robust annual branches or cutting propagation was born half lignification branches; Can also be used during early summer to early autumn thong for nursery stock breeding. 福建茶生长力极强,极耐修剪,适于用岭南盆景所采用的“蓄枝截干法”,以多次修剪加工使枝干达到自然曲折、苍劲有力的效果。常见的树形有直干式、双干式、斜干式、多干式、丛林式、悬而未决崖式、附石式等。Has strong ability of fujian tea grows extremely resistant to clip, lingnan bonsai is suitable for use branches cut dry storage, to cut processing branches reach natural twists and turns, vigorous effect. Common tree has direct dry type, dry type, dry type, dry type, jungle, pending cliffs, rock type, etc. 1、树坯的选择。无论选择何类树种作为树桩盆景的素材,首先应进行坏料的筛选。树坯的选择来源于两个方面,即山野树坯的采掘和树苗的培植。在南方低山丘陵的常绿阔叶林或灌丛中,福建茶有散生分布,可选择野生树桩或更新幼树。掘回后,在较为蔽荫处的深肥沃疏松的土层,或有机质丰富的砂壤土中,进行培育,待根系发育,新枝叶茂时,再上盆加工造型。因为我们对树桩的要求要以苍古朴拙为主,因此一般要选用树龄长、形态优美、在自然生长中有一定造型可塑性的树坯,若单以人工从小栽植到选为素材,再进行加工,则造型时间长,成型慢,所以盆景工作者大都在山野自然中采掘野生坯料来进行加工。经过“蓄枝截干法”造型,制成大树型或丛林式盆景。1, selection of tree bloom. No matter choose what kind of tree species as stakes bonsai, bad material selection should be done firstly. Trees bloom choice comes from two aspects, namely the field pattern of the tree mining and cultivating seedlings. Low hilly mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest in the south or in thickets, fujian tea has a scattered distribution, can choose wild stump or update the young trees. Dug back, the more the shade the soil deep, fertile osteoporosis, or organic matter abundance of sandy loam, nurturing, root development, sections and leafy, again on the basin of processing model. Because we claim to the stump to give priority to with CangGu piao zhuo, so general will choose old long, shape beautiful, has certain plasticity modelling in the natural growth of trees, if only by artificial from plant to the selected as the material and then carry on the processing, the molding time is long, slow forming, so the landscape workers are mostly mining in the field of natural wild stock to carry on the processing. After branch cut dry storage model, made the big tree or miniascape of jungle. 2、树坯造型。树坯造型一定要因材构思、因材造型,特别是自然类树桩造型,切不可用规律类树桩造型方法去死搬硬套。树坯的加工造型常采用修剪法和蟠扎法两种。2, tree model. Tree grey modelling must will rejoice in material design, material modelling, especially natural class stump modelling, must not with regular class stump modelling method to die hard set. Tree of billet process modeling often adopt pruning method and PAM method two kinds. (1)修剪法。修剪一般是蟠扎基本造型后再进行的,有平剪、选剪等,也有纯粹用修剪方法进行造型的,岭南派盆景造型就是用纯粹修剪的“蓄枝截干”的方法进行的,这是受中国画法中“鸡爪枝”“鹿角枝”造型的影响。“蓄枝”是指选定枝位后蓄养枝条,包括将来要成为树干的部分和根系。“截干”是指把不符合造型要求的树干、枝条及根系截短或截除。树坯经挖掘后按造型要求长短、高矮进行截根,当定植萌发新枝后经选定枝位,矫正带引形朝向,蓄养到粗细合适时,按照造型要求的长、短、粗、细及时进行剪截,接着萌发新枝,又再次进行剪截,如此反复交替,蓄枝截干,直至“鹿角”、“鸡爪”枝成型。(1) pruning method. Pruning is often done after PAM firm basic model, have plain scissors, scissors, etc., are purely by pruning method for modelling, lingnan bonsai modeling is to use pure pruning the branches cut dry storage methods, it is the chicken feet branch in Chinese painting antlers branch formative influence. Storage refers to the branch selected after a morality of branches, including the future will become the part of the trunk and root. Dry refers to do not conform to the requirements of the modelling of the trunk, branches and roots truncated or amputated. Trees bloom after excavating the cut root length according to the requirements of shape, height, when the engraftment after germination sections by the selected branch, orthodontic band led toward, raising to the thickness when appropriate, in accordance with requirements of the modelling of long, short, thick, thin shear section in time, immediately after germination sections, cut cut again, so, alternately repeatedly branches cut dry storage, until staghorn, chicken feet branch shape. (2)蟠扎法。蟠扎法常用金属丝对树桩进行造型。金属丝的蟠扎是用铜丝或铅丝对树坯进行造型,这种方法简便易行,屈伸自如,但拆出时比较麻烦。由于铜丝价格较高,故一般用铅丝。金属丝的粗细是根据树干和树枝的粗细来确定的,14号和20号丝较为常用。蟠扎时先将金属丝一端固定在枝干的基部或交叉处,然后紧贴树皮缠绕,边扭曲树枝(干)边缠绕,或左或右,丝与树干(枝)成45度角。用力要均匀,以防扭伤树干(枝)的形成层和树皮。有时蟠扎较粗不易弯曲的主干时,还可对树干进行纵向或横向开口,使之易于弯曲。(2) PAM method. PAM is often carried out on the stump with wire model. Wire of PAM firm is to use copper or lead wire trees bloom for modelling, this method is simple, easy to expand freely, but more troublesome when down. Due to the copper price is higher, so the general with the lead wire. Wire thickness is determined according to tree trunks and branches of thick, 14 and 20 wire is relatively commonly used. PAM when he first wire one end fixed on the base of the stems or intersections, and then close to the bark, twisted branches (dry) while winding, or left or right, silk and trunk (branch) at 45 degree Angle. The strength should be uniform, in case of twisted trunk (branch) of the cambium and bark. Sometimes when PAM to plunge into the thick is not easy to bend the trunk, also can be vertically or horizontally on the trunk opening, make it easy to bend. (二)上盆。在初夏移栽上盆最为适宜。选用釉陶盆或紫砂陶盆,盆形以中深的长方形或椭圆形较常见,悬崖式造型则以圆形或方形的高深千筒盆为宜,丛林式造型则以土加农家肥、河砂等量混合配制而成。选用瓦片或石块盖好盆底排水孔,再放入一层河砂或蛭石,以利于透气排水,然后填入盆土栽植。栽时需将根系舒展开,主根稍露出土面。刚上盆的树桩宜放在荫蔽处养护15天左右,然后移到半荫而通风良好的地方。(2) on the basin. In early summer transplanting basin is the most appropriate. Choose glazed pottery basin or purple sand pot, basin shape to deep in the rectangle or oval is common, cliff type modelling with round or square advanced thousand drum basin, jungle modelling and farmyard manure in soil, river sand amount made from mixing. Choose tiles or stones pelvic floor drain cover, add a layer of river sand or vermiculite, for ventilation and drainage, and then fill in the soil to plant. Plant roots stretch must be open, taproot slightly above the soil surface. Just curing should be placed in the shade tree stumps on basin 15 days or so, and then moved to the shadow of half and well ventilated place. 三、养护管理要点Three, the key points of maintenance management. (一)放置场所。福建茶盆景喜欢通风透光、空气湿润的环境。阳光不充足通风不畅且无一定空间湿度,会使植株发黄、发干,导致病虫害发生,直至死亡。福建茶怕寒冷,冬季须置于棚室中,维持不低于8的室温,如果室温低于5,易造成大量落叶。夏季应将其搁放于半荫的凉爽处,也可置于大树的树荫下,切不可长时间处于烈日暴晒之下。(a) place place. Fujian tea garden like ventilation pervious to light, the air humid environment. Sunshine inadequate ventilation without certain space humidity, can make the plant yellow, dry, cause plant diseases and insect pests, until they die. Fujian tea afraid of cold, winter should be put in PengShi, maintain not under room temperature 8 , if the room temperature below 5 , easy to cause a large number of leaves. Summer should be put in half shade of cool place, can also be placed in the shade of a tree, not a long time under a hot sun exposure. (二)浇水。浇水是树桩盆景管理的最重要、最频繁的措施之一。树桩栽植于盆中,不论是深盆,还是浅盆,泥土总是有限的,所含水分也是有限的,如长期不浇水进行水分补充的话,树桩就会因缺水而枯萎,因此要及时观察,根据其土壤干湿情况浇水,保持土壤湿度。当然浇水也不可过量,若浇水过量,盆土长期过湿,则易引起根部缺氧和腐烂。浇水的多少视季节变化、天气冷暖而定。一般说来,夏季或干旱时,最好早晚各浇水一次水,春秋季节每天或隔日浇一次水,春天树桩萌动,也可视情况早晚浇一次水。梅雨季节或雨天时,则不需要浇水,一般二者结合,先叶面喷水,再根部灌水灌透,注意不要浇“半截水”造成盆面湿、盆内干的现象,而且叶面喷水也不可过多,易引起枝叶徒长。福建茶盆栽,特别是浅盆丛林式或提根式的大树型,宜保持充足水分,不使盆土干燥,并须经常喷洒叶面水。应保持盆土和周围环境湿润,特别是天气炎热的季节宜经常浇水和喷叶面水。(2) water. Water is the most important, the most frequent stumps bonsai management of one of the measures. Stump planted in POTS, from deep basin and shallow POTS, clay is always limited, moisture content is also limited, if not watered for a long time for water supplement, stump will wither, for lack of water so to watch in time, according to the soil water wet and dry conditions, keep soil moisture. Water, of course, also cannot too much, if the excess water, the soil too wet for a long time, is easy cause oxygen to root and decay. How much water depending on the seasons, the weather changes in temperature. Or as a general rule, summer drought, it is best in the morning and watering a water, watered once a day or every other day during the spring and autumn season, the spring tree stumps stirring, also visible watered once every morning and evening. The plum rains season or rainy days, do not need watering, general combination, foliar spray first, then the root irrigation irrigation, careful not to pour half water inside the basin to face wet, dry phenomenon, and foliar spray nor too much, easy cause foliage moderate growth. Fujian tea pot, especially shallow basin of jungle or radical expression of big tree, should keep adequate moisture, not to make the soil is dry, and often foliar spraying water is required. Should maintain a moist soil and the surrounding environment, especially in hot weather seasons should be watered often and spray water on the leaf. (三)施肥。在410月期间每月浇施1次稀薄腐熟的饼肥水,秋末冬初停施氮肥,可追施12次0.2%的磷酸二氢钾溶液,增加植株的抗寒性。泰山奇石冬初施1次干的饼肥屑作基肥。每年春末及秋初各施12次腐熟的饼肥水,冬季施一次基肥(干的豆饼屑)即可。(3) application. During April to October once pouring 1 month thin rotten cake fertilizer and water deprivation early winter nitrogen, topdressing 1 2 times of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, the increase of plant cold hardiness. Early winter one chip dry cake fertilizer as basal. Attending the late spring and early fall 1 2 times a year, rotten cake fertilizer water, winter was a basal bean cake crumbs (dry). (四)光温要求。福建茶盆景喜半荫,也耐荫,喜温暖,畏寒。生长期应注意进行适当遮荫,忌强烈阳光直射;冬季应移入室内,室温保持5以上即可安全越冬。(4) light temperature requirements. Fujian tea garden like half shade, the shade, happy event is warm, chills. Growth period should be paid attention to proper shade, avoid strong direct sunlight; Should be moved to indoor in winter, at room temperature keep safe wintering above 5 . (五)翻盆。每隔23年翻盆换土1次,于春末进行但以初夏为宜。链条结合翻盆换去1/31/2旧土,剪去枯根、烂根和剪短过长的根,培以新培养土栽植,以促新根发育生长。(5) basin. Every 2 3 years turn basin once in soil, but in the late spring to early summer is advisable. Combined with double basin to another 1/3 1/2 old soil, cut off dead roots, roots rotted and cut short long root, earth in new culture plant, in order to promote the new root growth and development. (六)修剪。福建茶盆景上盆后仍不断生长,如任其自然生长,不加抑制,势必影响树姿造型而失去其艺术价值。泰安车库门所以要及时修剪,长枝短剪,密枝疏枝疏剪,以保持优