Senior必修1(直接引语和间接引语、进行时表将来、定语从句).doc

语法知识点 直接引语和间接引语Direct Speech and Indirect Speech 引述别人的话一般有两种表达形式：一种是用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。一般间接引语以宾语从句的形式呈现。Eg：John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）一、直接引语&间接引语的特点：1. 直接引语的特点被引用的话放在引号内。被引用的话是原话，不做任何改动。被引用的话之前用“，”或“：”。被引用的话结束后，需用“，”“！”“？”等标点符号。引出直接引语的引述词常为：say（说道），ask（问道），shout（喊道），cry（喊道），order（命令），add（补充），smile（微笑道），laugh（大笑道）等。Eg：Laura said, “I would like to visit China this summer.” 劳拉说：“今年夏天我想去游览中国。”“Mary will give me a nice present,” Bobbie added. 博比补充说：“玛丽要送给我一件精美的礼物。”2. 间接引语的特点在引述谓语和被引用的话语之间不用逗号、冒号、引号等。有时态的变化。有人称、时间、地点等的变化。常用引述动词有say（说道），ask（问道），shout（喊道），cry（喊道），order（命令），add（补充）等。Eg：Mill said that he would like stay in China for another year. 米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。The girl asked me if I could help her. 小姑娘问我是否能帮她。二、直接引语与间接引语的转换1. 人称的变化“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”（1）“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。Eg：She said, My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her. (2) “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。Eg：He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.（3）“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化。Eg：They told Marry, “We will help you out of trouble.” They told Marry that they would help her out of trouble.2. 时态的变化如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语一般现在时态一般过去时态一般将来时态过去将来时态一般过去时态过去完成时态现在完成时态过去完成时态现在进行时态过去进行时态过去完成时态Eg：Tina said, “I usually get up at six.” Tina said (that) she usually got up at six. 蒂娜说她通常六点起床。Martin told me, “I rang Alice yesterday.”Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before. 马丁告诉我，他前一天已经给爱丽丝打电话了。Nina told me, “Lisa is studying abroad.” Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad. 尼娜告诉我。丽莎正在国外学英语。 有时候时态不需要变化 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球围绕太阳运转。 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。He said to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973. 他告诉我是1973年出生的。 如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy, not a girl. 他说我是个男孩儿而不是女孩儿。 如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning. 那个女孩儿说她每天早上六点起床。 如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。He said to me, I have taught English since he came here.He told me that he had taught English since he came here. 他告诉我他从到这儿来就开始教英语。 如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。The teacher said to me. You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. The teacher told me that I must (have to) pay more attention to my pronunciation.老师告诉我应该放更多注意力在我的发音上。He said, I could swim when I was only six.He said that he could swim when he was only six. 他说当他才六岁的时候就会游泳了。3. 指示代词的变化直接引语间接引语thisthatthesethoseEg：Toby said to me, This is the School Computer Centre. Toby said to me that was the School Computer Centre. 托比告诉我，那就是学校计算机中心。 Kerry told me，“These photos were taken ten years ago.” Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before. 克里告诉我，那些照片是十年前拍的。 说话者在当时、当地转述时，this、these不用改变。 Eg：Nora said, ”Ill take this book.” What did Nora say just now? She said she will take this book. 4.状语的变化（1） 时间状语的变化直接引语转换成间接引语时，时间状语要做相应的变化：直接引语间接引语now 现在then 那时today 今天that day 那天this evening 今晚that evening 那天晚上yesterday昨天the day before 前一天yesterday morning 昨天上午the morning before 前一天早上last night 昨天晚上the night before 前一天晚上two days ago 两天前two days before 两天前next week 下周the next week / the following week 第二周tomorrow 明天the next day / the following day 第二天the day before yesterday 前天two days before 两天前the day after tomorrow 后天in two days time / two days after 两天后Eg：Nell said, ”Im now visiting China.”Nell said that she was then visiting China. 内尔说她当时正访问中国。Joanna said, ”Professor Black is going to give a lecture next week.”Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture the next week. 乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要作一场讲座。 说话者在当时、当地转述时，所说的话在转述时还起作用，时间状语不变。 Jimmy, well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.What did Daddy say just now, Mummy?He said well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.（2） 地点状语的变化常见地点状语变化是把here改为there，把over here改为over there。Eg：The boy said, ”This is the first time I have been here.” The boy said that was the first time he bad been there. 那个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。5. 方向性动词的变化在直接引语转换为间接引语时候，表示方向性的动词bring，come take ，go。Eg：Helen told me, ”Id prefer you to come to the party this weekend.” Helen told me that she would prefer you to go to the party that weekend. 海伦告诉我，她愿意让我下周去参加宴会。6. 句式的变化（1）直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。 Eg: He said, You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him. (2) 直接引语是疑问句时, 间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。 Eg：She said, Do you often come here to read newspapers? She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers. She asked me, You have seen the film, havent you? She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film. 选择疑问句变为whether.or 宾语从句。 Eg：I asked him, Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight? I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. 特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。 Eg：He asked, Where do you live? He asked me where I lived. （3）直接引语是祈使句时，间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为not ）. Eg：The teacher said to the boy, Open the window. The teacher told the boy to open the window. His father said to him, “Dont leave the door open.” His father told him not to leave the door open. 注意：（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。Eg：He said, Lets go to the theatre. He suggested (our )going to the theatre .或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre. Would you mind opening the window? he asked. He asked me to open the window. Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked. he advised me to take a walk after supper. Shall we listen to the music? he asked. He suggested listening to the music. （4）直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。 Eg：She said, What a lovely day it is ! She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day. 现在进行时表将来The Present Continuous Tense：Expressing futurity现在进行时表示将来动作1. 现在进行时还常用来表示将来的动作，特别是口语中，这时常有一个表示未来时间的状语，多指已计划安排好的事：Eg：Im meeting Peter tonight. Hes taking me to the theatre. 今晚我要和皮特见面，他将带我去看戏。Im flying to Hong Kong tomorrow. 我明天飞香港。Im not going out tonight. Im staying at home. 今晚我不出去，我要待在家里。 注意： 在以事物作主语时多用一般现在时表示按时间安排活动：Eg：The train leaves at 9:30. 火车九点半开。 The fashion show starts at 7. 时装表演七点开始。 以人为主语时，多用现在进行时表示计划要做某事：Eg：Nacy isnt coming to the party. 南希不来参加晚会了。2. 现在进行时也可用在时间和条件从句中表示未来情况：Eg：You can do some reading while you are waiting for the train. 你等火车时可以看看书。You must visit Switzerland when you are travelling in Europe. 你在欧洲旅行时一定要访问瑞士。3. be going to 结构可表示：准备或打算做某事Eg：Hes going to buy a new car. 他准备买一辆新车。She is not going to be there tonight. 她今晚不准备到那里。即将发生的事或要发生的事：Eg：Theres going to be a thunderstorm. 雷雨即将来临Amy is going to leave soon, isnt she? 艾米不久就要走了，是吗？ 这这种结构后也可跟go，come这类词： Where are you going to go during the holiday? 假期你准备去哪里？Theyre going to come with me. 他们准备和我一道去。定语从句The Attributive Clause先行词、关系词、从句定语：由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。定语从句：在复合句中充当定语的句子称为定语从句。定语从句的功能：用来修饰名词、代词或整个句子。一、 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词，（先行词总是出现在定语从句之前）。Eg：I have a wife who is beautiful. 我有一个漂亮的妻子。The boy who is sleeping is my nephew. 那个正在睡觉的男孩儿是我的侄子。二、关系词1、含义：引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。根据其在定语从句中的功能关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。2、关系词的分类：关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）句中作成分（主语、宾语等）关系副词（when, where, why）句中作状语成分Eg：Dont forget the book that / which I told you to bring. 别忘了我让你带的书。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这就是我去年待过的山村。3、关系词的用法：关系代词指代物从句中所作的成分that人/物主语The boy that is sleeping is my brother.宾语The book that you give me is Lindas.which物主语That box which is on the table is full of toys.宾语Our dictionaries which teacher bought us are red.who人主语That lady who is in red is our English teacher.whom人宾语He is the man whom we will talk to.whose表所属关系主语There is a house whose roof is broken.as物主语、宾语We have such grape as you never saw.关系副词指代物从句中所作的成分where地点地点状语Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.when时间时间状语I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.why原因原因状语I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.三、区别各关系代词的用法1、只用that不用which的情况当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。Eg：Everythingthathappenedthenwaslikeanightmare. I will tell him all that you told me at the ball. 当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。Eg：The only thing that we could do was to wait. Thats the very thing that we can do. 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Eg：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall. This is the best novel that I have ever read. 被修饰词为数词时。Eg：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 主句是There be结构，修饰主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。Eg：Theres still a room that is free. 先行词中同时包括人和物时。Eg：We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited. 主句以who、which开头的句子。Eg：Who is the man that is standing by the door? Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常也可以省略。Eg：He is no longer the man that he was.2、修饰物时只用which不用that的状况 引导非限制性定语从句时。Eg：Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light. 当关系词前有介词时。Eg：This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived. 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。Eg：Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 当关系代词后面有插入语时。Eg：Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 先行词为that时。Eg：The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。3、修饰人时只用who不用that的情况先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。Eg：The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。Eg：Theres a gentleman who wants to see you. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时。Eg：I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who以避免重复。Eg：The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用whom。Eg：The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.4、特殊代词 as，引导限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句，（so/suchas the same as / the same as / so asAs is known to everybody 众所周知），在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、主语补足语等。as引出的定语从句带有比较意义，从句常常只写出比较部分，但as本身不可省略。Eg：He is such a nice boy as her brother. The box on the teachers table is the same big as the one in my room.As is know to everybody，Tina gets the first place of the competition.比较：(1)Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句） It is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）(2) He is such a person as everybody likes.He is such a person that everybody likes him. (3) This is so touching a story as I have read three times. This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.注意：在the same后也可用that引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。that引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而as引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。Eg：This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 5、被分隔的定语从句定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句。一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。Eg：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。eg：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后。eg：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.四、限制性定从和非限定性定从（1）限定性定语从句起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的部分，与先行词间没有逗号；翻译时常译成前置定语。Eg：Those who want to go，please sign their names here. 想去的人请在这里签名。（2）非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，省去后不影响主句的意思，并且常用逗号与主句隔开，翻译时常译成并列的分句。Eg：This note was left by John，who was here a moment ago. 这条是约翰留的，他刚才来过