高中英语法系列动词.docVIP

第九章 动词（一）一动词的分类 一般根据动词的句法功能将其分类根据句法功能分类限定动词（实义动词）主动词实义动词Laugh连系动词Be,become,turn助动词基本助动词Be,do,have 情态助动词Can,may,must非限定动词（非谓语动词）不定式To talk, to love, to laughV+ing形式Writing, walking, playingV+ed形式Walked,smiled,wanted二实义动词 实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可以分为及物动词和不及物1.及物动词 及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整想想下列句子的句式结构I like this book very much._We call the bird Polly._I saw the children play in the park yesterday._Pass me the salt._要点注意：带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补得动词有：make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hear,hear 常见带双宾语的动词有：give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,teach,tell,write,read,return2.不及物动词 不及物动词本身意思完整，无需再接宾语Horses run fast.They work in a factory.有些动词既可以作及物动词，又可以作不及物动词We study English. We should study hard.Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词，它的作用等于一个及物动词a 动词+介词 Look at the blackboard. Listen to me carefully.注意：词类动词后面的宾语无论是否是代词都只能放在介词的后面b 动词+副词He turned off the light when he left. He picked it up and give it to me.注意：代词作宾语时必须放在动词与副词之间，当宾语是名词时则放在副词前后皆可c动词+副词+介词Lets go on with the work. He gets along well with his classmates.d动词+名词+介词He takes pride in doing a job well. Please pay attention to the phrases in the article.We can make good use of air. 注意：词类词组的名词前面可以加形容词作定语。ebe+形容词+介词We are proud of being Chinese. She is satisfied with what I said.3.延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词表示动作是可持续的，如live stay study work keep teach等可以和表示一段时间的状语连用We have lived in China since 2001. You can keep the book for two weeks.非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一经发生便立即结束，如 buy lend borrow dieBegin stop finish arrive jion go come等，非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果要和一段时间连用的话，就必须换用相应的词He has been here for five years.(这里不能用has arrived here) The film has been on for ten minutes.(这里不能用has begun)三系动词 具体知识点参见第一章句子结构四助动词助动词本身无意义或意义不完整，不能单独用作谓语。它必须和别的动词连用，帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。常用的助动词有be have do will shall 等1.助动词be的用法be+现在分词 构成进行时态The boss is interviewing some new comers. My little child is reading to her pet.Jenny was studying in Janpan last year.be+及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态All the projects were completed before last July. The story is said to be very instructive.All the winers will be given a special prize.2.do 助动词do主要用来构成否定句、疑问句、或对谓语动词进行强调构成否定句、疑问句 Do you know Janpan well? Dont you understand what I am explainingI dont like being laughed at. Monica doesnt live here;she lives neat door.构成强调句 “助动词do + 动词原形”可以构成强调句Cheer does like teddy bears. I did phoned you last night,but no one was in.Do be careful while crossing the busy streets.3.have构成完成时态 助动词have与过去分词构成各种完成时态。 You havent been abroad before,have you ? We hadnt walked far when we lost our way.构成分词的完成时Having lived in London for years, I know every place of the city very well.构成虚拟语气 在表示对过去的虚拟时，if从句中用had done结构，主句中用would/could/might have done If they had had time yesterday,they would certainly have come and help us.五情态动词 参见第十一章 情态动词六动词常见的八种时态1.八种时态 一般现在时：谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数 一般过去时：谓语动词用过去时 一般将来时：谓语用will/be going to+动词原形 现在进行时：谓语用be+现在分词 现在完成时：谓语用have/has+过去分词 过去进行时：谓语用were/was+现在分词 过去完成时：谓语用had+过去分词 过去将来时：谓语用would或was/.were going to+动词原形2.动词的五种基本形式 动词主要用来表示动作、状态和性质，而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和表现方式，这就是英语中的动词时态。英语中的动词时态由动词的不同形式来表示 动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去分词、过去式形式构成例词动词原形一般形式be ,do , have , learn 第三人称单数形式在动词原形后加 sRuns likes以ch、sh、s、o、x结尾的词，在词尾加esTeaches , washes , goes , passes以辅音字母加y结尾的词，改y为i加esStudies , tries 以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加sStays , plays现在分词在动词原形后加ingReading以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e加ingLiving writing以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写该辅音字母再加ingSitting beginning少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y再加ingDying lying tying过去分词（规则变化）在动词原形后加edWorked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加edCarried atudied 以e结尾的动词，直接加dlived以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写此字母后再加edStopped planned注意：少许过去分词有不规则的变化Keep/sweep/sleep sell/tell lend/spend/send say/pay burn/learn/mean break/speakSteal wear/bear/tear grow/blow/know/throw sink/swim/ring/sing/begin drive/rise还有些词过去时与过去分词都不变的Hit hurt let spit rid cost read put cut七时态具体用法1.一般现在时（1）一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数，则在动词原形后加s或esTom often helps his parents do housework at home.Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herself.（2）一般过去时的用法 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与often、always、usually、sometimes、on Sundays 、on Monday afternoon、once a week、twice a month等频度副词或时间状语连用I often go to school by bike. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 Our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. 在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在时表将来If it rains tomorrow,I will not go to the park.When I grow up,I will go to America. 在某些以here、there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作 There goes the bell.2.一般过去时（1）一般过去时的构成：一般过去时用动词的过去时表示Last week,Tom made a model plane with his friend Jack.（2）一般过去时的用法表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态 I got up at six this morning.表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作 When I was in the countryside,I often swam in the river.（3）和一般过去时连用的时间状语 last night , yesterday , last week , some years ago , in 1995 In the past , the other day , at that time , just now3.一般将来时（1）表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，其构成是“will+动词原形”，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。比如：tomorrow , next week , in a few days , next Sunday , in +一段时间They will leave for Shanghai next week. Will you be back in two days?当主语是i或we时，疑问句中一般使用shall，表示征求对方意见。Where shall we meet tomorrow?（2）“be+going to+动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的、很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。What are you going to do next week? Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm. 注意：在以下几种情况下只可用will（shall）表示将来而不可用be going to 表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时Will you please lend me your bike? 表意愿时 We will help him if he asks us.表示单纯的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时（一般用于第二、第三人称）The sun will rise at 6:30 tomorrow morning.（3）be doing 表示将来 常用语这种结构的动词有：go/come/leave/stay/star/begin等表示即将发生后安排好要做的事情We are leaving for Liuan. She is going there tomorrow.（4）be to 表示将来时时，一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作（常见于报纸和广播用以宣布官方的计划或决定）；表示命令、禁止、或可能性等 常用语较为正式的语体I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon. The Queen is to visit Japan nexy year.You are to stand here.Do you understand? The dictionary is not to be had there. （5）be about to do 表示即将发生的、眼皮底下的，一般不与时间状语连用I am about to leave when the teacher came in.（6）用一般现在时表将来的情况表示按规定或时间表预计将要发生的事情We are going to Shanghai.The plane takes off at 7:30.在if、as soon as、u