语法专项讲练——冠词.doc

语法专项讲练冠词一、不定冠词的用法语法解析1表示“某一个”，相当于some，译作“一个”。A Mr.Li is waiting for you. 一位李先生在等你。eg.Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons，please?Sorry，we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.Athe；the Bthe；a C不填；the Dthe；不填解析 the姓氏复数形式表示一家人，a姓氏表示泛指，一个叫约翰逊的人。故选B。2代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀子是用来切东西的一种工具。Mr.Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是一位工程师。3不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today. 许多人都认为，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的。4不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。Before I go to work every morning，Ive a light breakfast. 我每天早晨上班前，吃点简单的早餐。eg._walk is expected to last all day，so bring_packed lunch.AA；a BThe；不填 CThe；a DA；不填解析 the walk表示说话者与被告诉者双方都知道的事情，表特指；第二空lunch前有形容词(此句为packed)修饰时应加不定冠词，如果没有，则不加冠词。故选C。5不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。We had a very cold winter last year. 去年我们度过了一个寒冷的冬天。The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。6“a/an序数词”不表示排序，表“又一、再一”。Can you give me a second chance，please？(another chance) 再给我一次机会好吗？Would you like a second cup of tea？(another cup of tea) 你还想喝杯茶吗？eg. (2009年高考四川卷)In order to find_better job，he decided to study_second foreign language.Athe；a Ba；a Cthe；the Da；the解析句意：为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习一门外语。第一个a表示泛指；a second(.)又一。故选B。7用于固定词组、短语中。如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。All of a sudden，she burst into tears. 她突然哭起来。Lets have a walk around the playground after supper!晚饭后，让我们围着操场散散步吧！He made quite a few mistakes，which made his parents very angry.他犯了许多错误，这使他父母很生气。8.不定冠词a或an用于形容词最高级前无比较含义，表示程度，意为“很，非常”。He is a most wise man.他是一个非常英明的人。eg.Of the two apples，which one do you prefer?_bigger one.Its _most delicious one，I think.AThe；a BThe；theCA；不填 DA；the解析二者中较大的一个，表特指，故第一空用the；后面的most意为“很，非常”，无比较意义，其前加不定冠词表泛指。故选A。9抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词可能会与a/an连用。a heavy rain一场大雨 a surprise一件怪事 a pleasure一件乐事 a success/failure一个(件)成功的/失败的人/事 a pressure一种压力/紧迫感a concern一件令人关切的事 an unforgettable experience一次难忘的经历Oh，John.What a pleasant surprise you give us!噢，约翰，你给了我们一个多么大的惊喜啊！There was a heavy rain yesterday. 昨天下了一场大雨。10不定冠词在一些形容词、副词前后的位置关系。 (1)不定冠词用在副词so，as，too，how加形容词后，修饰名词。too/as/so/how/howeveradj.a/an单数名词She is so clever a girl that all of us like her. 她是如此可爱的一个女孩以至于我们都喜欢她。This is too difficult a problem for me to solve. 这对我来说是一个太难解决的问题。(2)用在形容词what，such，many等词后，修饰名词。what/such/many/quite/rather a/an单数名词What a beautiful girl ! 多美的女孩啊！(3)quite/rather + a/an (+adj.) + 名词单数=a/an + quite/rather (+adj.) + 名词单数eg.1. _D_ role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar. A.How interesting B.How an interesting C. What interesting D. What an interesting 解析不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。但位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，如：I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.2.We were in _D_ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush解析当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. 还需注意下面三个问题： 1、quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot 2、 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。3、当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。考题点击1.The Wilsons live in _ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _ 17th century cottage. (04浙江）A. the , / B. an, the C. /, the D. an, a解析该句意为“威尔逊先生一家住在海边的一幢A型房子里，那是一幢十七世纪的屋子。”两处都表示“一幢“，A-shaped 是元音开头，该用 an；而 seventeenth是辅音开头，所以该用a。故选D。2Mrs. Taylor has _ 8-year-old daughter who has _ gift for paintingshe has won two national prizes. （05浙江） Aa; a Ban; the Can; a Dthe; a解析“Taylor 夫人有一个在绘画方面极有天赋的八岁的女儿，她已经两次获得全国大奖了。” eight 是元音开头，所以该用 an；而后面的 have a gift for为一短语，表示“在 方面有天赋”，故答案为C。关于不定冠词的高考频考短语have a cold = catch a cold 感冒；have a good/happy time 玩得愉快；have a gift for 对有天赋；keep a diary 记日记；in a hurry 匆忙；have a word with sb. = have words with sb. 和某人谈话；a waste of 浪费；at a loss 困惑，不知所措；for a while 一会儿，暂时；all of a sudden 突然地；once upon a time 从前（常用于句首）；tell a lie = tell lies 说谎；get an education 受到教育；do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙；a collection of 收藏的；a matter of 关于（的问题）；have a look (at) = take a look (at) 看一看；have a rest=take a break 休息一下；in a/one word 总之。二、定冠词的用法语法解析1用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等的名词前。The earth moves around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 1876年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。注意有些物体虽然也是独一无二的，但习惯上却不用冠词。如space太空;nature自然;man人类。2用在序数词和形容词最高级前面。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。3用在姓氏复数前表一家人。The Greens live a happy life. 格林一家人过着幸福的生活。The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately. 受伤者被立刻送往医院。4乐器名词前，特别是西洋乐器。Most people in that village can play the piano. 那个村里大部分人会弹钢琴。但是中国民族乐器(一般为汉语拼音)和音乐名词前不用冠词。play Erhu拉二胡 play jazz演奏爵士乐 play music奏乐eg.My brother is playing_violin while my sister is chatting on_Internet.A不填；the Bthe；the Cthe；不填 Da；the解析violin是西洋乐器的名称；the Internet是英语中的固定用法，故两词前面都要加定冠词the。故选B。5用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如表单位的名词为不可数名词之前不用冠词，如weight/height/time/length等。I got paid by the hour. 我按小时得到报酬。6用在the比较级的句型中。The more you listen to English，the easier it becomes. 英语你听得越多，它就变得越容易。7用在形容词very/only/right/following/same之前和just之后。Dont make the same mistake again. 不要犯同样的错误。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。8用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education. 在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修不罕见了。9.与复数名词连用，指整个群体。They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师)They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)10.与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元；the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。11.特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine.把药吃了。 上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house. Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。12. 表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。13.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国；the United States美国14. 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening)；the day after tomorrow；the day before yesterday； the next morning；in the sky (water，field，country)；in the dark；in the rain；in the distance；in the middle (of)；in the end；on the whole；by the way；go to the theatre。15. 定冠词的位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。eg.He did it _D_ it took me. (2003北京) A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time 考题点击1. As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid _. （04上海春季） A. by the hour B. by hour C. by an hour D. by hours 解析“按小时付费”，以及其它用来表示“按计算”都需用介词 by 加 the 加单位名词来表示，如：by the day; by the jin; by the pound; by the dozen 。但需注意：size; weight; time; length 等名词并不表示单位，所以不需加 the。答案为A。2On May 5, 2005, at _World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in mens doubles with _ score of 4: 1. (05江苏) A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a解析 “the World Table Tennis Championship”是由普通名词构成的专有名词，用来表示一个机构名称。这类名词前都要加 the。 “with a score of 4:1” 表示“以4:1的比分”，是一个介词短语结构。答案为D。3This book tells _ life story of John Smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. （05辽宁卷） Athe; the Ba; the Cthe; 不填 Da; 不填解析 “这本书讲的是 John Smith 的人生故事”，是特指的，所以必须用 the。 “leave school” 表示“毕业”，不用冠词。类似的用法还有：finish school; in class; at church; go to school 等。答案为C。关于定冠词的高考频考短语make the most of 充分利用；by the day 按日；in the habit of有的习惯；go to the cinema 看电影；in the end 最后，最终；in the way 挡道；on the whole大体上，基本上；at the moment 此刻；for the time being 暂时；the other day(=a few days ago)；on the spot当场，在危险中；by the way顺便说一下；on the one handon the other hand 一方面另一方面三、零冠词的用法1表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前和国名、人名前不用冠词。January 1 is New Years Day. 一月一日是新年。I like physics though its a bit difficult. 尽管物理有点难，但是我喜欢它。He is playing chess with his friend on a stone. 他正在一块岩石上与朋友下象棋。England is Marys hometown. 英格兰是玛丽的家乡。注意表示语言的名词之后有language时则要加定冠词，如the English language；如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节，需加定冠词，如in the spring of the year 2009。2连系动词turn后作表语的单数可数名词不用冠词，但名词前若有形容词作定语时，则必须加冠词。Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer. 鲁迅成为作家前是医生。3as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果作表语的名词置于句首，习惯上单数名词前不用冠词。Child as/though she is，she plays the violin perfectly. 尽管是个孩子，但她小提琴拉得很好。4在某些独立主格结构，如“单数名词介词短语”中，名词前不用冠词。He rushed into the classroom，book in hand. 他冲进教室，手里拿着一本书。5no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village. 村子里从未发生过这种事。6一人兼多种身份的情况，只在第一个名词前使用冠词，其他名词前不再使用冠词，如 a clerk and writer(职员兼作家)。7在某些固定词组、习惯用法中，不用冠词。(1)成对使用的词，如father and son，husband and wife，knife and fork，hand in hand，sun and moon等。(2)介词短语，如from door to door，at noon/midnight/night，in case of fire等。(3)动词短语，如catch fire，catch sight of，come to power，watch TV等。eg. (1)(2009年高考重庆卷)Washing machines made by China have won_worldwide attention and Haier has become_popular name.Aa；the B/；a C/；the Dthe；a解析句意：中国制造的洗衣机赢得了世界的关注，海尔已成为大众喜爱的一个品牌名称。attention是不可数名词，此处表泛指，用零冠词；name是可数名词，此处也表泛指，需用不定冠词修饰，故B项正确。(2)Many people have come to realize that they should go on_balanced diet and make_room in their day for exercise.Aa；不填 Bthe；a Cthe；the D不填；a解析表示“的饮食”时，diet是可数名词，此处diet是单数形式，因此前面需加不定冠词a；room当“空间”讲，是不可数名词，前面无需加冠词。故选A。8.特别注意加冠词和不加冠词的意义区别。如：go to hospital & go to the hospital；at table & at the table；in charge of & in the charge of；out of question & out of the question.9. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。They are teachers. 他们是教师。特指和泛指：1、Take a seat. 2、Is the seat taken? 3、A gentleman is asking to see you. 4、Ask the gentleman to come in. 5、Can you lend me a book to read？ 6、Can you lend me the book？10.抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。高中常见的纯不可数名词，这名词无论和什么词连用，也不可以加不定冠词a/an。weather, fun, space, advice, word, progress, information, news.11.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。 12.在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。The guards took the American to Genera