三级考前语法精要.doc

二、定语从句1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 功能作用用于限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句只用于限定性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语who whichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语Whose(=of whom)Whose(=of which)1) 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词He is a man who ( / that) means what he says.The people whom ( / that) you met in the campus yesterday are from England.The book which ( / that) you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist.The bicycle the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired.2) 关系代词的省略作直接宾语时可以省略The man (whom) you saw just now is our manager.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?在“there + be”结构的从句中做主语的关系代词可以省略This is the only bus (that) there is to that park.【注意】关系代词放在介词后作宾语时，不能省略。但介词位于句尾时，关系代词可以省略。This is the girl with whom he worked. (whom 不可省)This is the girl (whom) he worked with. 3) 如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面，不能用who 或that, 只能用which 或whom This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.The people with whom he worked thought was a bit strange.4) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用thatHave you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?All that can be done has been done.There is little that can be believed about it.5) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any , only, few , much , no , some , very等词修饰，引导限制性定语从句常用关系词thatIt is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.6）在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，作宾语用的代词也不能省略The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.There are thirty students in the class, the majority of whom are from the city.7) as可用表语， 同such, the same 连用， 引导限定性定语从句；as也可单独使用，引导非限定性定语从句，相当于whichThe town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.The question is very difficult, as (/ which) indeed it is.2. 关系副词引导定语从句关系副词也可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因等，关系副词意思相当于“介词+which结构”。关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用When(= at, in on, during, which )表示时间的名词时间状语Where (= in, at, which)表示地点的名词地点状语Why (for which)只有reason 原因状语He will always remember the day when ( / on which) his father returned from America.I dont know the reason why ( / for which) he didnt come to the meeting yesterday morning.that 有时也可以代替关系副词when, where, how 或why 引导的定语从句，表示时间地点或原因，that可以省略This is the university that ( / where) he studied at 20 years ago.（注意这句用where时, 后不可用at） Do you still remember the day that (/ when) he arrived?That is the manner that (/ how) he deceived her.I dont like the way that (/ in which) he did it.3. as 在定语从句中的用法. 引导限定性定语从句在限定性定语从句中，as多和such或the same 连用，构成“such as”和“the same as”结构，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。在“the sameas”结构中，“as”也可以用“that”代替。 Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.Such books as I have read are classical works.the samethat 虽然在结构上与the same as 相同，但有时句意却不一样。This is the same book as I read last week. 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。This is the same book that I read last week. 这是我上周读的那本书。as 还可以用在so 和as 之后，构成“so as, as.as”的结构。这种结构前面的so 或as 是副词，后面的as 是代词。In the city, I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I had never dreamt of.He is as great a painter as ever lived. . 引导非限定性定语从句在非限定性定语从句中，as 作为关系代词代替整个主句。通常译为“正如.一样， 正像一样”。As might be expected, John was admitted to the university.The material is elastic, as shown in the figure. As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.(不可以说As it is reported, 因为as 引导的定语从句同时作主语，it 是多余的)下面是常见的as 引导的结构，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中或句尾。as is well known 众所周知 as is often the case情况常常如此 as may be imagined可以想象得出 as has been said before 如前所述as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的as is hoped 正如所希望的as is supported如所料想的 Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesnt mean hes going to do so. 四、名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1. 名词性that-从句. 由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.Its a pity that you should have to leave.用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that 从所周知It has been decided that 已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起2. 名词性wh-从句 . 由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等. 主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 同位语：I have no idea when he will return.形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation. 介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末. It is not yet decided who will do that job.It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 3. if, whether引导的名词从句 主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 形容词宾语：Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.u whether与if 均为“是否”的意思，但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：. whether引导主语从句并在句首. 引导表语从句 . whether从句作介词宾语. 从句后有“or not”u 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.4.否定转移 . 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.【注意】若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. . 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.(否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。五、非谓语动词现在分词1. 构成形式一般式doing 一般被动式being done完成式having done 完成被动式having been done所有否定式都是在ing前面加not，可在句中作定语、补语、表语、状语。2. 语法功能1）作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系，这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。a running boy / the girl standing there 2) 作宾语补足语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补感官动词：seehearwatchfeelnoticeobservekeepfindlisten tolook at 使役动词：havegetcatchleaveset【注意】要想用现在分词来作宾补，只能是用于这些词后。但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）。宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。I saw him singing now.Dont have the students studying all day.3）作表语现在分词作表语有三级变化，可被副词修饰。The story is interesting. The match is exciting.【注意】表动作的现在分词不能作表语，例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表，而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语）。4）作状语doing/ having done作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，要位于句首。且与后面用逗号隔开，能转换为一个相应的状语从句；作结果、方式、伴随状语时，要位于句尾。且与前面用逗号隔开。有时也可以不用。【注意】分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致u 作时间状语Walking in the street, I saw him.可以转化为一个时间状语从句When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him.当我要表达正在进行的动作时，我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhile。When / While walking in the street, I saw him.如果分词的动作先于主句的动作，用分词的完成式having done。After he had rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.Having rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.After resting / having rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.u 作条件状语Working hard, you will succeed.u 作原因状语Being ill, she stayed at home.【注意】being是常用来作原因状语的u 作让步状语Having failed many times, he didnt lost heart.u 作结果状语His friend died, leaving him a lot of money,u 作方式状语Please answer the question using another way.u 作伴随状语He is standing there, singing.3. 可接受的无依着动词+ing形式. 作独立成分，他们的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。Supposing he is ill, who will do that work?Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.Judging from his accent, he must have come from Canada. 常见的不需要逻辑主语的动词ing形式结构：generally speaking一般来说 Judging from/by 由判断出considering (that)考虑到 supposing (that).如果frankly speaking 坦白地说 concerning关于talking of 说到 coming to谈到allowing for 考虑到 setting aside除开. 现在分词的独立主格就是分词的逻辑主语不和句中主语保持一致也就是拥有了自己的独自的逻辑主语那么也就是该用独立主格的时候了Winter coming，it gets colder and colder【注意】当逻辑主语是人的身体部位时，如果后面的动词是及物动词，我们就用过去词；如果是不及物动词，我们就用现在分词。其实用过去分词时是因为身体部位作了它的宾语，如果是由身体部位自己本身发出的动作时就用现在分词。The boy lay on the ground，his eyes closed and his hands trembling 过去分词1. 过去分词作定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表完成。过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，多用于书面语中。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.The concert given by their friends was a success. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 2. 过去分词作表语及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，既表示被动，又表示完成。The cup is broken. The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，只表示动作的完成。 He is retired.【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物。 The book is interesting and Im interested in it. The little girl was frightened to death, when she saw the snake then.3. 过去分词作宾语补足语能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下两类： . 表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed. 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. Dont leave those things undone. 【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 4. 过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语表示被动的动作。 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 【注意】过去分词作状语，一般表示被动。 但有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。常见的有：lost（迷路）；seated（坐）；hidden（躲）；stationed（驻扎）；lost / absorbed in（沉溺于）；born（出身于）；dressed in（穿着）；tired of（厌烦）。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去分词”结构作状语。 When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.动名词1. 动名词语法功能动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。. 作主语Seeing is believing. Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. It is no use arguing with him. 【注意】动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）但对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用“It is ”和“There is ”两种句式来表示。It is no use waiting for him any longer。It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded. 作定语一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于的”或表示“处于某件事情中的”含义. reading room阅览室 reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室 【注意】动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：动名词与被修饰词之间逻辑上无主谓关系，而现在分词与被修饰词之间有主谓关系。 A writing boy boy 与 writing 有主谓关系 A writing desk desk 与writing无主谓关系3）作表语Her job is teaching.【注意】动名词和不定式都可以作表语，动名词作表语表示一般或长久的行为，不定式作表语往往表示具体的或临时的、将要发生的动作。My task is feeding chickens. (动名词表经常性地永久性地)My task today is to feed chickens. （不定式表动作没进行，将来的动作）4）作宾语He is fond of playing football. I like swimming. . 下列动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，cant help（情不自禁），cant stand（无法忍受）等. forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。Lets go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）Lets go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。）I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。）I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）Stop speaking. （不要讲话。）He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。）. 在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. . 动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning / to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying. . 在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be (kept) busy，have difficulty / trouble/problem (in)，have a good / wonderful / hard time (in)，theres no use / good / need，feel / seem like / get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon. . 在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。. start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + 动名词； be busy (in) + 动名词；waste time (in) + 动名词；lost time (in) + 动名词；There is no point (in) + 动名词”等结构中，动名词做介词宾语，in常要省去。The children are busy doing their homework.There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.2. 动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。His coming made me very happy. Marys crying annoyed him. 3. 动名词的时态和语态u 动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式。We are interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us. u 如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如：Im sorry for not having kept my promise. 【注意】在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。Excuse me for coming late. u 主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成。后一种一般很少使用，以免使句子显得累赘。He likes being helped. He was afraid of being left at home. I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it. 动词不定式1. 不定式的时态和语态 时态主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing/. 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold. 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something. 完成进行时 They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.2. 不定式的语法功能. 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neitherWhat I would suggest is to start work at once. 【注意】如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe. To work means to earn a living 如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose， thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near futureThe most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant. 不定式作定语u 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday u 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系She has a lot of work to do in the morning 【注意】u 不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with There is nothing to worry about u 不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领; drive赶，驾驶; movement运动; ambition抱负; effort努力，尝试; need需求; campaign战役，运动; failure失败，不及格; opportunity机会; chance机会; force力; promise许诺; courage勇气; intention意向; reason理由; decision决定; method方法; light光 determination决心; motive动机struggle奋斗; tendency倾向，趋势; wish希望. His wish to buy a car came trueu 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。 He is always the first to come and the last to leaveu 不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm u 如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。tend to do = tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do【注意】不定式作定语时的时间关系，一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?. 动词不定式作状语常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan (目的)【注意】u 下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的。