初中现在完成时.doc

初中语法：现在完成时概念：现在完成时表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，并延续到现在的动作或状态。一、现在完成时的用法1. 过去某时发生的动作到目前为止这个动作已经完成。如：1）I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。（过去某时开始做，到现在已完成）2）He has already come 他已经来了。（过去某时开始离开某地到这来，现在已在这。）2. 表示动作发生在过去并延续到现在,有可能继续延续下去。如：1）I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。 （六年前开始学英语，一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。）2）I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我从1990年就在沈阳住。（从1990年开始住在沈阳一直住到现在，也可能继续住也可能就此为止。）二、现在完成时的结构 1）肯定式：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 2）否定式: 主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 3）一般疑问式 Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 4）特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定)三、现在完成时的时间状语1. 以already, just和yet（用于否定和疑问句）为标志 already, just和yet表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。 1) He has already got her help.他已经得到了她的帮助。 2) He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看完电影 3) He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。 4) Have you heard the news yet?注意：当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时，在转换成否定句时，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet。例如：I have already seen the film. - I havent seen the film yet.He has just come. -He hasnt come yet.2. 以ever（曾经）（用于否定和疑问句）和never（从不）为标志 ever和never表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。 1) He has never been to Beijing. 他从未去过北京。 2) - Have you ever climbed that mountain? 你爬过那座山吗？ - Yes, several times. 是的，爬过几次。3. 以动作发生的次数为标志，如：once(一次), twice(两次), three times(三次)等，可以用How many times提问，谓语多用延续性动词。 若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次，则要用现在完成时。 1) He says he has been to the U.S.A. three times. 他说他去过三次美国。 2) - How many times have you ever been to England? 你曾经去过英国几次？ - Only once. 只去过一次。4. 以for和since为标志，可以用how long提问，谓语多用延续性动词。 当表示一段时间，现在完成时可以用for 或since引导的状语。 for+时间段 since+过去某一时刻例如：Ive known Li Li for 4 years. 我认识丽丽已经4年了。I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自从8年前我就在这工作。4、 注意事项。1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意思“有”。e.g：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have. 你有笔友吗？是的，我有。Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasnt.他有许多工作要做吗？不，他没有。2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。have/ has gone to 去了（人还未回来）have/ has been to 曾经去过（人已经回来了）have/ has been in 呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗？( B ) I you for a long time. Where you ? A.didnt seen, did, go B.didnt see, have, gone C.havent seen, have, been D.havent seen, have, gone3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用，have/ has gone to则不可。1) Has Tom ever been to Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗？ Yes, hes been there many times. 是的，他去过好几次了。2) Where have they gone? 他们去哪里了？ Theyve gone to Shenyang. 他们去沈阳了。4非延续性动词(或称作终止性动词)不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。 这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。arrive, come be here, be in buy havebegin, start be on die be dead get up be up leave, move be away； go out be out borrowkeepfinish/end be over open be openclose be closed join be a member of( B )- How long he a fever? - Ever since last night. A.have, got B.have, had C.have, caught D.did, have五、动词的过去分词变化形式：(一)规则变化通常动词的过去分词和他的过去式是一样的，在动词后面加ed构成过去分词。(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped (2) 不规则变化一过去分词词尾有字母-n1过去分词由原形加-ne构成do-did-donego-went-gone2过去分词由原形加-en构成beat-beat-beateneat-ate-eatenfall-fell-fallen3过去分词由原形加-n构成blow-blew-blowndraw-drew-drawndrive-drove-drivengive-gave-givengrow-grew-grownknow-knew-knowntake-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistakenrise-rose-risensee-saw-seenshow-showed-shownthrow-threw-thrown4过去分词由原形去字母e后，再双写后面的辅音字母加-en构成（例外）hide-hid-hiddenride-rode-riddenwrite-wrote-written forget-forgot-forgotten5过去分词由过去式加-n构成break-broke-brokenchoose-chose-chosenfreeze-froze-frozenspeak-spoke-spokensteal-stole-stolen6完全不规则形式am / is-was-been are-were-been fly-flew-flownlie-lay-lain wear-wore-worn二过去式与过去分词形式相同bring-brought-broughtbuild-built-builtbuy-bought-boughtcatch-caught-caughtdig-dug-dugfeel-felt-feltfind-found-foundget-got-gothave / has-had-hadhold-held-heldkeep-kept-kept leave-left-leftlay-laid-laidlend-lent-lentlose-lost-lost pay-paid-paidhear-heard -heard make-made-mademean-meant-meantmeet-met-metsay-said-saidsell-sold-soldsend-sent-sentsit-sat-satsleep-slept-sleptsmell-smelt-smeltspend-spent-spentspill-spilt-spiltspit-spat-spatspoil-spoilt-spoiltstand-stood-stoodsweep-swept-sweptteach-taught-taughttell-told-toldthink-thought-thought win-won-wonunderstand-understood-understoodwake-woke / waked-woken / wakedshine-shone / shined-shone / shined hang-hung / hanged-hung / hanged learn-learnt / learned-learnt / learned三原形、过去式与过去分词三种形式完全相同cost-cost-costcut-cut-cuthit-hit-hithurt-hurt-hurtlet-let-letput-put-put set-set-setshut-shut-shutread /ri:d/-read /red/-read /red/四i-a-u变化形式begin-began-begundrink-drank-drunkring-rang-rungsing-sang-sungsink-sank-sunkswim-swam-swum五过去分词与原形相同come-came-comerun-ran-run become-became-become六情态动词（没有过去分词形式）can-could must-mustwill-would may-might shall-should初中英语常用不规则动词的过去式与过去分词原形过去式过去分词过去分词词尾有ne或en或ndodiddonegowentgonebeatbeatbeateneatateeatenfallfellfallenblowblewblowndrawdrewdrawndrivedrovedrivengivegavegivengrowgrewgrownknowknewknowntaketooktakenmistakemistookmistakenriseroserisenseesawseenshowshowedshownthrowthrewthrownhidehidhiddenrideroderiddenwritewrotewrittenbreakbrokebrokenchoosechosechosenforgetforgotforgottenfreezefrozefrozenspeakspokespokenstealstolestolenam / iswasbeenarewerebeenflyflewflownlielaylainwearworeworn过去式与过去分词形式相同过去式与过去分词形式相同bringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtdigdugdugfeelfeltfeltfindfoundfoundgetgotgothanghung / hangedhung / hangedhave / hashadhadholdheldheldkeepkeptkeptlaylaidlaidlearnlearnt / learnedlearnt / learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentloselostlost原形过去式过去分词hearheard heard makemademademeanmeantmeantmeetmetmetpaypaidpaidsaysaidsaidsellsoldsoldsendsentsentshineshone / shinedshone / shinedsitsatsatsleepsleptsleptsmellsmeltsmeltspendspentspentspillspiltspiltspitspatspatspoilspoiltspoiltstandstoodstoodsweepsweptsweptteachtaughttaughttelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtunderstandunderstoodunderstoodwakewoke / wakedwoken / wakedwinwonwon三个形式全相同costcostcostcutcutcuthithithithurthurthurtletletletputputputread /ri:d/read /red/read /red/setsetsetshutshutshuti-a-u形式beginbeganbegundrinkdrankdrunkringrangrungsingsangsungsinksanksunkswimswamswumbecomebecamebecomecomecamecomerunranrun情态动词cancouldmustmustwillwouldmaymightshallshould注意区别catch, bring, think, buy, teach这几个词的过去式与过去分词初二现在完成时专项练习一、 单项选择。( )1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know( )2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D.still( )3、Have you met Mr Li _? A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago( )4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written( )5、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better( )6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying( )7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew( )8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see( )9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone ( )10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish( )11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in( )12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made( )13、How long have you _ here ? About two months . A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived( )14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began( )15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . A. is B. has C. will D. was( )16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library . A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been( )17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been( )18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they( )19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived ( )20、 His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university( )21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes. A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away( )22. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in( )23.The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened( )24.Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become( )25.You mustnt_ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left( )26.The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over( )27.Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught( )28.Ben _ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became( )29. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned( )30. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead( )31. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept( )32.He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had ( )33.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been( )34.Since 2000, he _ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from( )35.Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take( )36.The bus _ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been( )37.Are you _ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on( )38.He _ for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been up( )39. Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had( )40.- How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep二、 句型转换。1、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _ 2、 They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) have they been here?3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （动词填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory for twenty years.5、 Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 三、 汉译英。1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。 2、 他昨天收到一封信。 3、 我父亲以前到过长城。 4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。 5、 她去过上海。 6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？ 一、单项选择。1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故