介词、副词和动词短语.doc

一、介词的意义和用途我们经常在名词或名词短语、代词或动名词前面用介词表示人、物、 事件等之间的关系介词 + 名词：I gave the book to Charlie介词 + 代词: I gave it to him介词 + 动名词: Charlie devotes his time to reading有的介词所表示的关系是;空间: We ran across the field时间: The plane landed at 4 25 precisely原因: Travel is cheap for us because of the strength of the dollar方法: You unlock the door by turning the key to the right介词始终带有宾语。即使介词与宾语分开时，如在问句中或者关系从句中，这种关系仍必定存在。Who(m) were you talking to just now on the phone? (= To whom ) The chair I was sitting on was very shaky (= The chair on which.)二、介词后的代词英语名词没有格的变化，因此它们用作动词或介词的宾语时，其形式不变;There s a chair behind/by/in front of/near the door但介词后的动词必须用其宾格形式： The car stopped behind/in front of/near me/him/her/us/them Between you and me, there s no truth in the report (不可说between you and I).三、一个词何时为介词、副词或连词介词“支配”着宾语，所以它总是与名词、名词短语、代词或动名词有关；而副词不；“支配”宾语，因此它与动词的关系较为密切。1 可以兼用作介词和副词小品词的词有些词可以起介词的作用，也可以起副词的作用其后跟宾语时，它们其介词的作用。We drove round the city (round 有宾语，是介词) 其后没有宾语时，它们则起到副词小品词的作用（甚至暗含有宾语时亦如此）。We drove round (round 没宾语，是副词小品词) 最常见的可兼做介词和副词小品词的词有: about, above, across, after along around before, behind below beneath beyond by down in inside near off on opposite, outside, over past round through under underneath up without2 用作介词而不用做副词的词这些词必须带宾语: against at beside despite during except for from into of onto per since till/until to toward(s) upon via with 以及一些以-ing 结尾的词 excepting regarding等。有些短语动词是有动词 +副词小品词to 构成，如 come to （苏醒）pull to（拉上）.3 用作小品词而不用作介词的词 away ，back ，backward(s) ，downward(s) ，forward(s) ，out，和 upward(s). The children rang the bell and ran away4.可兼用介词和连词的词有些词可用作介词，也可用作连词带从句如. after ，as ，before ，since, till， until I haven t seen him since this morning 介词I haven t seen him since he left this morning 连词当用作连词时，as well as， but, except，和 than 后面可用带不带to的不定式:I ve done everything you wanted except (or but) make the beds5. 从不同的角度看空间中的位置 当我们指空间（一个很大的范围）时，应根据我们想要表达的意思来选择介词，我们可以讲：In / at/ to/from/ under/over/across London从说话人的个人角度来看一个地点就会影响到他对介词的选择，如果一个人讲:I live in London 他的感觉是伦敦包围着他：但是，假如一个人讲：We stopped at London on the way to New York 他就把伦敦看成路途中的一个点。我们用at 时暗指其位置有特殊目的：在外观上它可能是一个停留点，一个碰头地点，一个用餐地点，一个工作地点等。我们可以吧空间中的位置看着;-一个点 (即一个地点或比如说一个事件):at the cinema, at a party, to/from LondonWe stood at the door and waited (即在那个点上)- 一条线(即从长度上看): across/along/on a border/over/roadThere s a letter box across the road (即穿过那条线）- 一个平面 (即看来是平面): across / off / on a table / floor/ wall / ceilingI stared at a fly on the wall (即在那个面上)- 范围: (即，一处可以“包围”的地方): in/ into / out of / outside / within a room/ship / car / factory / forest We all sat in the car 一个单个地方（如河流）可从不同的角度来看： We went to the river (一个点)Greenwich is down the river (一条线)The paper boat floated on the river (一个面) We swam in the river (一个范围)6.表示动态或静态的介词一个介词可根据句中不同的动词而表动态（如 fly under)或静态（如 stop under). 有些介词既能与“动作动词”连用 (如. bring ，drive，fly ，get ，go， move， pull ，run ，take， walk) 又能与“位置动词”连用(如be ，live， keep ，meet ，stay ，stop ，work).We drove along, We flew behind + 宾语. We live behind + 宾语有些介词，如 into ，onto， out of ，to, 等, 一般都与动作动词连用：A bird flew into my bedroom this morningI drove out of the car park其他介词，如 at, in, on, 等.一般皆与“位置动词” 连用：The bird perched on the curtain rail（横杆）I waited in the hotel lobby有些表有目的的动作”的动词，如 lay ，place， ，stand 等，不能与 into， onto 或 to:一类介词连用She laid the letter on the tableShe sat the baby on the table我们可将动词be 与常跟“动作动词”的介词连用表示“已到目的地（真实的或比喻的）At last we were into/out of the forest/over the riverAt last we were out of/over our difficulties7.表示动态与静态的副词小品词可以用动词+副词小品词来表示动态与静态的不同动态:We went away / back / inside / outside/up /down 静态: We stayed away / back / inside / outside / up /down比较:Wheres Jim? -I don t know He went out (动作) Where s Jim? - I don t know Hes out (位置)8. 表示方向与目的的介词方向与目的之间的区别可以通过对比介词来表示，选择时取决于我们要表示的是一个点，一个面，还是一个范围。（1） To/from a point 与 at a point 比较To 和from a point (表示方向) 与 at a point (表示运动后的目的地或位置)进行区别:Jim has gone to school and now hes at school(has come from) London Airport; at London AirportTo和at 可与各种名词连用（2.）To 和 from a point (表方向) in an area (表移动后的目的或位置):Jim has gone to Paris and now hes in Paris bed bed（3） To/from a point 和 at a point/in an area 比较对于名词来说，表示运动后目的地的介词用at 还是用in 需取决于将此位置看成一个点还是一个范围。Jim has gone to the hotel and now hes at the hotel 在表示很大范围的名词前不用at 来代替in, 如in the sky, in the universe, in the world.注意在动词arrive 后面，用at 或in 取决于通常的搭配如arrive at a party, arrive in the country. 有时取决于把一个地方看成是一个点还是一个范围9. On(to)a line 或surface 与off a line 或surfaceOn(to) (方向) 和on (目的地或位置)可用来表示被一条线或一个面”所支撑着”方向on(to) 动作后的目的I put the pen on(to) the table and now it is on the tableOnto 可拼写成一个词也可拼写成两个词: on to. On (不带 to) 有时也可以表示方向，而且往往有高度上的改变:I put the pen on the table不过，如与climb， lift， jump 等动作动词连用，则多用onto 以避免意义含混: Mr Temple jumped onto the stage (即从别的什么地方) Mr Temple jumped on the stage (可指跳起来落到讲台上又可指“跳一跳试试台子是否结实)表示目的地或位置的on在指高度时，可与表示方向的to 区别 :Hes gone to the fourth floor and now hes on the fourth floor Off (= not on, 指从一条线或一个面离开) 可与动作动词或位置动词连用:I took the plate off the table and now it is off the table10. Into 和in 后接表示范围的名词Into 始终表示动向而从不表示目的或位置。 In 则通常是表示位置，但它与 drop， fall 和put 等动词连用时也可以表示动向:方向 in(to) 动作后的目的地I have put the com in(to) my pocket and now it is in my pocket但是，如跟另外一些动作动词，如 run 和walk等, in 就不能表示从一个地方does到另一个地方了: We walked into the park (= we were outside it and entered it) 我们本来在外面，后来进入了公园We walked in the park (= we were already inside it and walked within the area)我们已经在它里面来指房间、建筑物时，可以用inside 代替 in ，如：I meet you inside/in the restaurant.11、Out of 后接表示范围的名词Out of 可以表示方向和目的地:方向 out of 动作后的目的地We ran out of the building and then we were out of the building指房间、建筑物时，可以用Outside 代替 out of We were outside the building 但是 outside 和out of 并非任何时候皆可互换Within意谓 “在内”，可用在有限的一些正式场合 :Everyone within the London area was affected by the bus strike12 Get + 介词/ 小品词表动作Get后跟介词或小品词，往往不带一种“困难的动作”We got into the house through the window (意即好不容易) How did the cat get out (of the box)? (意即，那一定是有困难的)时间1.有关时间的概说介词 at, on 和 in 不仅表示地点，也表示时间。我们可以用 approximately, about， around, round o或 round about来表示近似的时间:The accident happened at approximately 5 ：30The accident happened (at) about/around 5 30 2用 at的时间状语确切的时间: at 10 oclock; at 14 hundred hours 用餐时间: at lunch time, at tea time, at dinner time其他时刻: at dawn; at noon, at midnight, at night 节日: at Christmas; at Easter, at Christmas-time年龄: at the age of 27, at 14时间: at this time, at that time在What time?的问话中at常被省略:What time do you arrive? - Nine oclock in the morning 其正规形式为:At what time do you arrive? - At nine oclock in the morning3. 用 on的时间短语星期几: on Monday ，on Fridays一天中的某段时间: on Monday morning, on Friday evening日期: on June 1st on 21st March 星期几 +日期： on Monday June 1st具体时间: on that day ，on that evening周年纪念日等.: on your birthday， on your wedding day节日: on Christmas Day, on New Years Day当我们使用last,next 和this,that 时前面不能带介词I saw him last/this April I lI see you next/this Friday4.用 in 的时间短语(= some time during )一天中的某段时间: in the evening， in the morning月份: in March, in September 年份: in I900 in， 1984， in 1998季节: in (the) spring, in (the) winter 世纪: in the 19th century, in the 20th century节日- in Easter week时期: in that time, in that age， in the holidays5. 表示一定时期的In 和within In 和within有时意为在一段时间 “结束以前 ”，可以指现在，过去或将来 :I always eat my breakfast in ten minutesI finished the examination in (within) an hour and a half 当我们用in ten days (或 in ten days time), 这类短语表示将来时，其意是 “从现在起一段时间time皆可。The material will be ready in ten days/in ten days time 但是，当我们指并非从现在开始的某一段时间时，就不用s+time:Sanderson will run a mile in four minutes 四分钟内 (意指他这样做需要多长时间)Sanderson will run a mile in four minutes time 四分钟后 (意指他开始跑的时间.)特殊用法1. 介词和小品词成对的介词和小品词重复使用以示特别强调We went round and round (the town) looking for the hotel有些介词可对照使用: Please dont keep running up and down (the stairs)第二个词也可以对第一个词的意思加以补充: Martha was ill for a long time, but shes up and about now2. 介词短语有许多固定的介词短语常可以看到，如： by right ，in debt, on time, out of breath, 等。其中有一些比喻或习惯的用法，使其在时间或空间上的含义扩大了。比如. above average（在一般水平之上） ，beneath contempt （不屑一顿），beyond belief. 许多介词短语由 “介词+名词+介词”构成的，如. in danger of, on account of3. 小品词和介词连用介词常可以跟在小品词之后，如 across/along/back/down/off on + to for, 等. :Im just off for a swim Im going down to the beach 有时介词与介词也可以直接结合:Thats the boy from over the roadCome out from under there, will you?4. 形容词+介词许多用作表语的后可跟特定的介词，如: absent from, certain of, 等.Simon s often absent from school because of illness 有时同一个形容词可以跟不同的介词，如： embarrassed about（为感到难堪） ，embarrassed at（对感到难堪）, embarrassed by .5. 名词+介词名词常常有与其相应的形容词或动词所带的介词形容词embarrassed about/at/by 名词embarrassment about/at keen on keenness on successful in success in动词emerge from 名词emergence from object to objection to这种相互关系并不适用于如. be proud of/take pride in 等，有时名词带有介词而动词不带介词I fear something My fear of somethingI influence somebody My influence on somebody6. 介词和副词的修饰关系副词可以修饰介词和副词小品词：directly above our heads, quite out of his mind, right off the main road, well over $200, 尤其当 all 意为 “完全的”时，它可以同许多介词和副词小品词连用 about， along，down ，during， round ，through Our baby went on crying all through the nightStraight (= immediately直接) 常用于动向而right(= in the exact location恰好位于)则常用于表示目的 He went straight to bed / into my office / up to his room He lives right at the end of the street / across the square7. 与介词相关的词序除了but ,during ,except 和since 以外，单个介词皆可与其相关的词分隔开来在Wh-疑问句中： Where did you buy that jacket from?在定从语句中：The painting you re looking at has been sold 在 Wh-从句中：What he asked me about is something I can t discuss (这里介词必须与其相关的名词分开 )在间接引语中： Tell me where you bought that (from) 在感叹句中： What a lot of trouble he put me to！在被动语态中： Our house was broken into last night在不定式中：I need someone to talk to 动词+介词或小品词：非短语和短语英语动词的系普遍的特征之一就是可与介词和副词小品词连用。从广义上说，这些组合都可以叫做短语动词。1. 惯用组合当一个动词同一个介词或副词连用时，有时动词的基本意义完全改变了，形成一个新的动词，它可能具有一种完全不同的惯用意义，甚至好几种意思。例如 make 有许多种组合;make for 2. 常见的短语动词时如何形成的最常见的短语动词由一中最短小和最简单的动词构成的，例如 be ,break, bring, come ,do ,fall ,find, get ,give, go, help, let ,make, put, send, stand ,take, tear ,throw, turn, 等。这些动词常与表示位置或方向的词组合，如: along， down ，in ，off ，on， out ，over， under ，up。不仅一个如put 的单个动词可以同大量的介词或副词一起形成新的动词如put off， put out ，put up with, 等 ) 而且一个短语动词本身也可能有几种不同的意义： Put out your cigarettes (= extinguish) I felt quite put out (= annoyed) We put out a request for volunteers (= issued) They re putting the programme out tomorrow (= broadcasting) This stuff will put you out in no time (= make you unconscious) Martha s put out her hip again (= dislocated)3. 动词与介词和副词的搭配问题可带不定式的动词可能跟一个介词或副词+ 宾语，而不跟不定式。Your father insists on coming with us动词后跟介词to 而不跟不定式I look forward to seeing you soon不同的组合如believe in ，consist of， depend on ，laugh at ，live on ，rely on ，smell of， taste ofEverybody laughed at my proposal to ban smoking on trains既可以做及物动词又带介词的动词.如; ask for ,listen to, look at ,look for, wait for ,You should ask for the bill不带介词的动词 approach， discuss ，enter， lack ，marry， obey ，remember， resemble ，We all turned and looked at Mildred when she entered the room4. 非短语动词同短语动词的比较短语动词通常指后面常跟一个介词或副词的短语的动词：Let s eat in the garden/under that tree在上面的例子里， in 和on 与eat并没有特殊的关系，它们是一种自由组合，因此，此处的eat in 和 eat on 不是短语动词，大多数的动词（特别是动作动词）皆可同介词和分词自由组合，但并非都是短语动词。如： climb ，come，go，walk,等可自由地与 down ，from ，in ，up, 等相组合I go to the bank on Fridays You can come out now 这种例子中，介词和副词前面的动词时可以被替代的;IHe hurried / ran / walked / went up (the hill)另外，这些词的组合具有字面的意义。这种动词结构的意思仍是所用的两个词的组合，例如come + out ( 与两个单独的词的意思相同) 然而在另外的句子中有惯用意义 We d better not step on that carpet (字面意义) We d better step on it (意即，hurry up ,是惯用短语动词) 当“动词+ 介词或副词”中的两或三个部分经常组合（不是自由组合）在一起并且产生一种明显的特殊意义时(例如I took off my jacket) 或惯用的 (the plane took off = rose into the air) 即可被称为短语动词5. 动词+介词或副词的四种类型 第一类;动词+介词（及物） 例如get over (an illness) 第二类：动词+ 副词（及物）例如 bring up (the children) 第三类:动词+副词（不及物）例如 come about (= happen)第四类：动词+副词+介词 (及物) 例如： run out of (matches)6. 第一类：动词+介词（及物）（1） 这类动词后跟一个带宾语的介词Im looking for my glasses (名词宾语）Im looking for them (代词宾语t)（2）不能把介词放在宾语后 Look at this picture (绝不可以说*Look this picture at) 然而在定于从句中和疑问句中，介词有时则可以喝动词分开The picture at which you are looking was bought at an auction At which picture are you looking?（3） 动词+介词可以放在 句子或从句末尾 She s got more work than she can cope with There s so much to look at when you visit the National Gallery(4) 有些组合可以用于被动句 Every problem that came up was dealt with efficiently（5） 宾语后可带副词 Look at this drawing carefully为了强调副词也可以放在动词之前或之后 Look carefully at this drawing7. 动词+介词：五惯用意义如：approve of， associate with， believe in， emerge from ，fight against ，hope for， listen to,等这些动词皆有其通常意义。有时一个动词可与不同的介词连用。例如 consist of （有组成），consist in （存在于）而动词的意义从广义上来说并没有改变Cement consists of sand and lime (指主语Cement 由什么做成）Happiness consists in having a cheerful outlook (consists说明主语happiness)8. 动词+宾语+介词：无惯用意义remind someone of （提醒某人）tell someone about， thank someone forTell us about your travels in China grandpa 这类动词大都可用于被动结构9. 动词+介词：有惯用意义这类动词中的组成部分难与其字面意义相联系。它们较少用于被动结构，其介词几乎不可与动词分离。例如come over (= affect), get over (= recover), go for (= attack), run into (= meet by accident)I can t explain why I did it I don t know what came over meHas Martha got over her illness yet?Our dog went for the postman this morning10. 第二类;动词+副词（及物）（1） 这类动词后面可跟副词或能兼做介词和副词的词。在某些情况下，动词后的词在某些句子里可起到介词的作用，而在另一些句子里则可用作副词：Come up the stairs (介词)Come up (副词)（2） 这种动词时及物动词： Drink up your milk！尽管其中有些可用作不及物动词 Drink up！（3）副词可与动词分离，放在用作宾语的名词或名词短语之后： Please turn every light in the house off如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开She turned off all the lights which had been left on （4） 所有的及物动词都可用于被动句：All the lights in the house have been turned off（5）“动词+副词”往往在作为及物动词时有一种意义：We have to turn our essays in / turn in our essays by Friday而作为不及物动词时则具有另一种意义：I feel sleepy so I think III turn in (= go to bed) (6) 这类动词有许多能组成名词,例如：a breakdown 衰竭 a knockout击倒 a follow-up 后续a setback 挫折第二类动词的词序带名词宾语时，副词可放在：- 宾语之前she gave away all her possessions- 或宾语之后She gave all her possessions away 虽然我们可以像上面第一例中把宾语放在away 之后，但away还是副词，而不是介词。副词与动词的关系更为密切，而不是像介词那样“支配”一个宾语。而副词比较灵活，可放在宾语之前或之后。 如果宾语是代词，副词则必须放在其后： She gave them away（送掉） 。She let me/him/her/it/us/them out（出去）在有些句子里，副词只可放在宾语之后IWe can allow the children out till 9这类动词（第二类）又可分为三类：（1） 具有明显意义的非短语动词（自由组合）这种动词可具有其字面意义：You d better pull in that fishing line （收起）You d better pull that fishing line in(2) 加强或引申动词作用的副词例如： call out 大声叫唤eat up 吃光stick on 贴上write down 写下。这种动词保留着它们的字面意义。在某些情况下，副词可以全部省略：Write their names 但可以用副词其强化作用：Write down their names /Write their names down但在另一些情况下，副词可引申动词的意义： Give out these leaflets (意为：散发)具有惯用意义的两类动词这是一个非常大的范畴，“动词+副词”与其字面的意义没有什么关联。例如在make up a story,里make up可意为“编造”；在 take off the Prime Minister 里take off 可意为“模仿”。因此短语动词可随着副词的不同有许多不同的意义。下面是几个有关 bring可能与副词组合的例子：bring up the children (= train/educate)bring off a deal (= complete successfully)bring on an attack of headache (= cause)bring somebody round to our point of view (= persuade)bring someone round (= revive)bring down the house (= receive enthusiastic applause)还有永远固定不变的说法，例如 make up yo