动词ing综合讲解.doc

动词-ing 形式 综合讲解【学习指南】动词-ing形式与不定式一样也是动词的非限定形式，由动词原形加-ing构成，具有完成体和被动态。包括传统语法所指的现在分词和动名词。动词-ing形式可以在句中充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语以及状语。一、-ing形式的构成 -ing分词是指由动词原形-ing构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下主动形式被动形式一般时doing being done 完成时having done having been done 1、-ing分词的一般式如果-ing分词表示的是一般性动作，不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ing的一般形式。“Cant you read?” Mary said angrily pointing to the notice. “你自己不能看吗？”玛丽生气地指着布告说。2、-ing分词的完成式如果-ing分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用(not)having+-ed分词来表达。They had come from England, having heard the strange news that Dr. Manetee, Lucies father, was still alive and was living in Paris.他们听到一个离奇的消息，说露西的父亲曼奈特医生还活着，而且住在巴黎，就从英国来了。【小帖士】-ing分词的完成体一般不可用作后置定语。交了卷的学生必须离开教室。（错误）The students having handed in their papers must leave the classroom.（正确）The students who have handed in their papers must leave the classroom.3、 ing分词的被动语态一般式被动语态-ing的一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时进行的。它一般用作句子的定语或状语。Being asked to give a performance, Jane couldnt very well refuse. 有人请简表演个节目，她不好拒绝。4、 -ing分词的被动完成式表示一个被动动作发生在句子的谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip? 人家给了她这样一个机会，她怎么能轻易放过？5、 -ing分词的否定式-ing分词的否定形式是在其前加上not 。Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她取得联系。【试题播报】 _the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed （ NMET 2004 广东）此题考查-ing分词的构成形式，完成式的否定形式。Not having +动词-ed 。正确答案应为C。6、 -ing分词的复合结构。在-ing分词前加物主代词或名词的所有格便构成分词的复合结构。口语中，这种结构用作宾语时，物主代词还可以用宾格，名词还可以用普通格。Whats troubling them is workers not having enough time. 使他们烦恼的是工人们没有足够的时间。Would you mind my (me) using your telephone？我用用你的电话可以吗？二、-ing 形式的用法-ing形式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1作宾语【百宝箱】在英语中，一些动词后面通常需要接-ing分词作宾语。admit 承认 advise 建议 appreciate感激avoid 避免 allow 允许 consider 考虑defer 推迟 deny 否认 delay 推迟enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 excuse 原谅finish 完成 forgive 宽恕 imagine 想象 keep (on) 继续 mention 提到 mind 介意miss 没赶上 permit 允许 postpone 延期practise 练习 resist 抵制 risk 冒险suggest 建议 give up 放弃 cannot help 忍不住 *前面省略了介词in的习惯用法。I had great difficulty waking him. 我好不容易把他叫醒。John had a hard time passing his maths examination. 约翰毫不容易把数学考及格。She had no problem (in) answering the teacher s question. 她能回答老师的问题。Father had some trouble/difficulty (in) reading his son s letter. 父亲相当困难地读了儿子的信。Mike has spent a lot of time preparing the exam. 迈克花了很长时间来准备考试。Youll have a hard job convincing your wife. 你很难让你妻子信服。There is no problem in doing the job.这工作能干。【小帖士】下列结构中to的为介词，而不是动词不定式符号，后面应接名词或-ing分词。 amount to 等于apply oneself to致力于 be accustomed to 习惯于be devoted to 致力于 be equal to 等于be opposed to 反对 be reduced to 落到的地步be used to 习惯于 contribute to 有助于 devote oneself to 献身于devoteto 把用在 get down to 着手，开始认真等待 look forward to 盼望object to( doing/ do) 反对 pay attention to 注意 refer to 指的是see to 负责,注意,照料 set one s mind to 一心想要stick to 坚持 turn to 开始，着手when it comes to 至于，就而论2ing分词作宾语补足语(1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell. watch等后的宾语可以用-ing分词作宾语补语。He saw the children playing in the yard. 他看见孩子们在院子里玩。I must say I dont like to hear you talking like that. 我必须说我不喜欢听你那样说。【小帖士】作为宾语补足语的分词有时前面可有as,前面的动词多用regard, consider, describe, quote, picture, see, think of等。They regarded the contract as having been broken.他们认为合同已被破坏。We consider this way as being useful.我们认为这种方法是有用的。(2)表示“致使”等意义的动词catch, have, get, keep, set, leave等。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting for me for so long. 对不起，让你久等了。 What she has told left us thinking that she experienced much when she was young. 她告诉我们的话使我们觉得她年轻的时候经历了不少。3ing分词作状语-ing分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况、条件等。（1）表示时间While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 看书的时候，他不停地点头。【小帖士】表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的-ing分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：Dont talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。 When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。（2）表示原因表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。（3）表示结果 多置句尾The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。【试题播报】European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make此题选A 。making it the most popular sports in the world在句中作结果状语。（4）表示方式或伴随情况多置句尾I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。Tom stood at the school gate waiting for Jack.汤姆站在校门口等着杰克。（5）表示条件一般置于句首Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. 只要知道任何事情，我都会告诉你的。【小帖士】强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如：Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。(6) 表示让步一般置于句首Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes. 即使乘出租车来也要45 分钟。Although repeating his words many times, the teacher could not make his students understand. 尽管重复了许多次，老师还是无法让学生理解。【小帖士】有少数-ing分词常放在某些形容词之后，起一种相当与副词的作用，意思是“极”或“非常”。freezing (biting) cold 极冷 burning (steaming) hot极热三、不定式与-ing形式的区别1、 -ing形式与不定式在句中作宾语的区别(1) 一般说来，-ing分词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作。而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。作主语或表语时也有类似区别。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today. 我喜欢游泳，但是今天不想游。（2）在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词的后面直接跟动词作宾语时，要用-ing分词。如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再接动词作宾语补足语时，应跟带to的不定式。We dont allow smoking here. 我们不允许在这吸烟。His mother doesnt allow him to smoke. 他妈妈不允许他抽烟。（3）need, require, want动词作“需要”解时，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用-ing分词，或不定式的被动式。这时，-ing分词的主动形式表示被动意义。The window needs ( requires, wants) cleaning.The window needs( requires, wants) to be cleaned. 窗子要擦了。（4）及物动词remember, forget, regret, mean之后接-ing分词和不定式都可以，但含义不同。She remember seeing him somewhere before. 她记得以前在什么地方见过他。Please remember to bring me the photo next time. 请记住下次把照片带来。Doing like that means cheating. 那样做就等于是欺骗。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling that day. 我那天并非有意伤害你的感情。David regretted missing such a good chance. 大卫遗憾失去了这么好的一个机会。【试题播报】-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _that.A. to do B. to be doing c. to have done D. having done此题选D 。对做过的事情表示遗憾用-ing分词。(5) stop, go on, try后接-ing分词形式时，为及物动词，-ing分词为宾语。如果后接不定式，则为不及物动词，动词不定式为其目的状语。Please stop talking. 请不要讲话了。As he was busy that day, he didnt stop to talk with me. 那天他因为忙，就没停下跟我说话。If nobody answers at the front door, try knocking at the back door. 如果前面叫不开，敲敲后门试试。【小帖士】be+形容词后面一般接动词不定式作状语，而不接-ing分词。It is very difficult to manage the company. 管理一家公司很难。It is impossible to finish it in five minutes. 在5分钟内做完是不可能的。2、-ing形式与不定式作定语的区别（1）作定语时，-ing分词表示正在进行的动作，用-ing分词的完成式表示动作的完成；不定式表示将要发生的动作。The old man sitting at the table wears a white shirt.坐在桌旁的老人穿着白衬衫。The applicants to be interviewed are required to bring all the necessary papers two days later. 将接受面试的求职者两天后要把所有材料带来。（2）-ing分词和不定式作名词的定语时，他们与被修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系有所不同。-ing分词所修饰的名词一定是其逻辑主语。不定式所修饰的名词可以是它的逻辑主语，也可以是其逻辑宾语。被修饰的名词还可表示时间、地点或方式等关系。The man writing (who is writing) on the blackboard is our headmaster.正在黑板上写字的是我们的校长。He is the person to write (who can write) the book.他是写那本书的合适人选。Hawking is the person to write about. (whom one can write about)霍金是适合写一写的合适人选。The newly married couple are finding a house to live in. (where they can live).这对新婚夫妇正在找房子住。3.-ing形式与不定式作宾语补足语的区别在see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have等动词后，如果用形式作宾语补足语，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式所表示的是一个动作的全过程。I saw him waiting at the bus stop. 我看见他在等车。We saw her enter the building just now. 我们刚刚看见她进了大楼。4、-ing形式与不定式作状语的区别-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式和伴随状况等。不定式常用来表示目的、结果和原因等。【试题播报】“ We cant go out in this weather. “ said Bob；_out of the window.A. Looking B. To look C. Looked D. Having looked (NMET 2004 江苏)此题考查到了-ing分词和不定式作状语的区别。这里应用-ing分词做状语，表示伴随情况。正确答案应为A.（1） -ing形式与不定式作原因状语的区别不定式多用在形容词之后，即位于句末较多。而-ing形式作原因状语时，多用于句前。We are all glad to know you are fine. 听说你很好，我们都很高兴。Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. 由于没受到回信，他决定给他们再写一封。（2） -ing形式与不定式作结果状语的区别 用不定式时，尤其是状语前有副词never,only修饰时，表示一个意外的结果。 He left, leaving nothing but debt. 他走了，什么也没留下，除了一屁股债。 They hurried to school, only to find that it was Sunday. 他们匆匆赶到学校，却发现今天是星期天。四、有关-ing分词的习惯用法1、 There is no +ing 这是不可能的2、 No + ing 不许 (No smoking.)3、 It goes without saying that 不用说4、 Weather/ Time permitting 天气/时间允许的话5、 That being the case，如果是这样 6、 Considering (that) 考虑到7、 Supposing (that) 如果8、 Generally speaking, 一般说来9、 Frankly speaking, 坦白说10、 Judging from 从判断11、 Talking of谈到12、 Supposing(assuming) 假定It goes without saying that diligence is the key to success. 毫无疑问勤奋是成功的关键。Weather permitting, well go swimming. 天气允许的话，我们将去游泳。There is no telling what may happen. 谁也不知道将来会发生什么。Supposing he is ill, who will do the work. 假如他病了，谁来做这工作呢？练一练1Having been ill in bed for nearly a month ,he had a hard time_ the exam. Apass Bto pass Cpassed Dpassing (福建04高考)2_ with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all .ACompare BWhen comparing CComparing DWhen compared （湖北04高考）3_ straight on and youll see a church . You wont miss it .AGo BGoing CIf you go DWhen going （湖北04高考）4. Its such a small point that its hardly worth _. A. troubling aboutB. to trouble about C. being troubled aboutD. trouble about5. -What do you think of “Supergirl”, the reality TV show? -I cant help _ it. I got _ whenever I watched it! A. to love; excitingB. to love; excited C. loving; excitingD. loving; excited6. _ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attendB. The president to attendC. The president attended D. The presidents attending 7. That cold current came south quickly and struck that area, _ the ice on the rivers and lakes _ thicker and thicker. A. causing; to be B. which responsible for; being C. which was the consequence of; becoming D. contributed to; to be（2006年南师附中全国高考英语预测卷）8.The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 9. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given（北京2000年春考）10. Car 17 won the race.- Yes, but its driver came close to _.A. be killed B. have been killed C. having been killed D. being killed （临汾06模考）11 After being interviewed, the man nodded his head and rose, still _ his bag. A. holdB. heldC. holdingD. to hold （06 木椟 期末考试）12. His little daughter _for more than two days, Martin reported it to the police that started a general search for the girl at once.A. having missed B. having been missingC. has been missed D. had been missing13. I cannot help _ myself on passing the examination. A. greeting B. congratulating C. pleasing D. celebrating 14. _on both sides of the street _excited people who wanted to see the bride of their prince.A. Standing; was B. Seated; was C. Waiting; were D. Coming; were （05/06 海安/如皋期末联考）15._ the right decisions _ the future is probably the most important thing well ever do in our lives. A. Making; concernedB. Make; concerning C. To make; concernedD. Making; concerning （南通九校联考）16. -How do you deal with a disagreement between the company and its customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; make17. _ nice and delicious, the roast turkey in this shop are always sold out soon.A. TastingB. TastedC. Being tasted D. To taste（2005学年杭州市高三第一次统测）18.Hell never forget the days he spent_ in the army. A. being trained B. training C. to be trained D. to train19.The policeman came up to the lonely house, whose door was open, _ there for a while, and then entered it. A. to stand B. stand C. stood D. standing （06鲁东南三市四地联考）20. Her money_ , the lazy middle-aged woman began to steal others money at crowded places, such as bus stops, stations, airports and ports.A. had run out B. running out C. having been run out D. having run out21 What made me sad was that I went to see her the day before yesterday _ her dead on her bed.（2006年安徽省皖南部分重点学校高三联考） A. to find B. finding C. found D. find22. Though _in a big city, Bill always prefers to sing the songs of country life. A. bringing up B. grown C. raised D. keeping23. _ the tower building, where you see the whole city. A. Standing on the top of B. If you climb to C. When you reach the top of D. Get to the top of （06珠海五校联考）24. For many weeks we had horses and oxen from heat,th