外研版必修三第五单元.doc

Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China要点一 单词1. equal adj.（能力、力气等）胜任的；（大小、数量、程度）相等的，相同的 n. 同等或平等的人或物vt. 与相等，等于（=be equal to）；比得上归纳拓展（1）A equals B.=A is equal to B.A等于B。be equal to sth./doing sth.等于，能胜任be equal with与平等equal pay for equal work同工同酬without (an) equal无人可比地（2）equal sth.与相等equal sb. in sth.在方面与某人匹敌(3)equally adv.相等地，同样地，等分地equality n.同等；平等，相等例句：Women demanded equal pay for equal work.妇女们要求同工同酬。A pound is roughly equal to 500 grams.1磅约等于500克。Bob is quite equal to the job of running the office.鲍勃的能力足以管理这个部门。None of us can equal her，either in beauty or as a dancer.不论是容貌还是舞技我们都比不上她。同类辨析equal与same两者都含有“相同的”的意思。(1)equal指“在数量、大小、价值、程度等方面不存在差别的”。(2)same指“同一的”，实质上不同，但在数量、意义、外表上没有明显区别的。same前要加定冠词the。例句：One li is equal to half a kilometer.一华里等于半公里。They have the same problem.他们有类似的问题。【链接训练】All the countries in the world should _ each other，though some developing countries cant equal developed ones _ some sections.A.be equal to；inB.be equal with；onC.be equal；onD.be equal to；of【解析】be equal to“平等”；“在方面”用介词in。句意为：世界上所有的国家相互都是平等的，尽管一些发展中国家在有些方面不能和发达国家相媲美。【答案】A2. order n. 次序，顺序；整齐；秩序；命令；订购vt. 命令；指令；订购；点菜；安排；指导归纳拓展（1）in order of.照（依）顺序排列out of order不整齐；状况不佳；出故障的in good order井井有条；状态良好keep order维持秩序place an order for sth.订购某物give/take orders下达/接受命令in order to do./that.为了（2）order sb.to do sth./order sth.to be done命令某人做某事/某事被做order that.命令(从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略)order sb. sth.=order sth. for sb.为某人订购例句：The doctor ordered him to take a rest for a week or two.=The doctor ordered that he (should) take a rest for a week or two.医生叮嘱他休息一两周。He put his papers in order before he left.他在动身前把文件都整理好了。The phone is out of order.电话坏了。【链接训练】Remember to put the books _ before leaving the room.A.in the placeB.in the orderC.in orderD.in need【解析】A项应去掉定冠词，D项in need“需要”不符合题意。句意为：离开房间前请记得把书排放整齐。in order“井井有条，整齐有序”。【答案】C3. stress n. 重压；压力；强调，重音vt. 着重，强调，重读归纳拓展（1）lay/place/put the stress on/upon.把重点放在上；在上用力；强调重要性under the stress of.为所迫；为所驱使；受到所造成的压力cause/reduce stress造成/减少压力（2）stress the importance of.强调的重要性（3）stressful adj.产生压力的；使紧迫的a stressful job/situation/lifestyle繁重的工作/艰难的处境/紧张的生活方式stressed adj.紧张的，焦虑的（不位于名词前，且常修饰人）例句：Our parents always lay stress on proper behavior.我们的父母一直很强调行为的得体。He stressed the importance of cooperation.他强调合作的重要性。The word “today” is stressed on the second syllable.这个单词的第二个音节要重读。He finds his new teaching job very stressful.他觉得新的教学工作非常紧张。【链接训练】Things can easily go wrong when people are under _.A.stressB.weightC.loadD.strength【解析】句意为：人们在有压力的情况下，做事容易出差错。四个选项意义分别为 stress“压力”；weight “重量”；load “负担”；strength “力量”。under stress “压力之下”，故选A。【答案】A4. resign n. 辞去（职务）v. 辞去，辞职归纳拓展（1）resign from.从辞去职务resign as sth.辞职resign ones post/position辞职resign.to.把托付给resign oneself to （doing） sth.听任（某种影响）；只好（做）某事（2）resigned adj.已辞职的；已放弃的be resigned to sth./doing sth.心甘情愿resignation n.辞职，辞职书；放弃，顺从hand in ones resignation递交辞呈例句：The Minister resigned from office.那位部长辞职了。The team refused to resign themselves to being defeated.该队不甘心失败。She seems resigned to not having a holiday this year.她对今年没有休假似乎并无怨言。We havent yet received his resignation.我们尚未收到他的辞职信。同类辨析resign与retire两者都含有“退职”的意义。(1)resign表示因对工作不满意或工作上的失职而自愿或被“辞退，辞去”了职务，常与from连用。(2)retire表示因年龄大或是身体状况不允许，按国家有关规定“退休”，并享受规定补助。例句：He retired from the business when he was 60.他60岁时退休了。【链接训练】After a number of disagreements with the committee，the chairman decided to _.A.retireB.retreatC.withdrawD.resign【解析】retire 意为“退休”；retreat 意为“后退”；withdraw 意为“撤退”；resign 意为“辞职”。句意为：和委员会数次意见不合后，主席决定辞职。根据句意，选D。【答案】DYou must resign yourself to _ a bit longer.A.waitB.waitingC.waitedD.wait for【解析】resign oneself to doing sth.“只好做某事”，根据题意“你不得不再多等一会儿”，可知应选B。【答案】B5. condition n.条件，情形，环境，社会地位；（pl.）（生活或工作的）条件，环境vt. 以为条件，使达到要求归纳拓展on condition that.条件是；在前提下on no condition绝不要；绝不under the conditions of.在的情况下be in good/poor condition在好/坏的状况下be out of condition身体不适be in no condition to（身体状况）不适宜be in (a) condition (to do a thing)能做、有做的条件例句：You can go out on condition that you wear a coat.你要穿上外套才能出去。The ship is not in a condition to make a long voyage.此船的现状不适宜远航。The animals were conditioned to expect food at the sound of the bell.这些动物受训后一听见铃声就知道有食物可吃了。同类辨析condition,state与situation三者都含有“情况，状况”的意思。(1)condition作“情况，情形，条件”时，常指人或物目前的情况，常用复数形式。(2)state表示“状况，情况”时，常用单数形式，与冠词连用，构成in a . state或in the state of.，指人或物在环境、外观、心灵、健康等方面的情形或状况。(3)situation常与in连用，表示“处于一种状况”。例句：He is in a good state.他身体健康。Their living conditions were terrible.他们的生活条件很差。We are in a difficult situation.我们正处于困境。【链接训练】Ron lent me the money on _ that I pay it back next month.A.conditionB.conditionsC.stateD.situation【解析】考查固定短语on condition that“条件是”，符合题意。句意为：罗恩借给我钱，条件是我下月还他。【答案】ASchool children must be taught how to deal with dangerous _.A.statesB.conditionsC.situationsD.positions【解析】situation意为“形势，局面，情况”，表示“要教给学生如何处理危险情况”。state意为“状况，情形，形势”；condition意为“状态，状况，情形”；position意为“位置，方位，地点”。【答案】C要点二 短语1. be at war with在与交战中归纳拓展（1）a civil/cold war内战/冷战go to war宣战，进入战争状态make/declare war (on sb.)向（某人）宣战（2）be at.表示“处于状态/动作”的意思。类似的短语还有：at peace处于和平状态at school/work在上学/上班at table在吃饭at trouble/risk处于困境中/在冒险例句：At that time,China and Japan were at war,so travelling was extremely difficult.当时，中日双方正在打仗，因此旅行（变得）极其困难。Germany has been at peace with France for 50 years.德国与法国已和平相处了50年。People in the world dont want to go to war to settle the international disputes.世界各国人民不想诉诸武力去解决国际争端。【链接训练】When he came back from abroad,our country was _ with Japan.A.at a warB.at warC.at the warD.on war【解析】考查固定短语be at war with“在与交战中”。句意为：当他从国外回来时，我们的国家正同日本处于交战状态。【答案】B2. bring up教育；培养；提出（话题）；呕吐归纳拓展bring about带来，引起，导致bring back归还；恢复；回想起；带回bring down降低；转到下页（下栏）；使减价bring forward 提出（论点、问题等）例句：Though born and brought up in the city,she prefers life in the country.尽管是在城里出生和长大，但她更喜欢农村生活。He didnt feel well and brought up his breakfast.他感觉身体不太舒服，把吃的早餐全部吐了出来。Mr Wangs new suggestion was brought up at the meeting.王先生的新建议在会议上被提了出来。【链接训练】The students in this school have very good manners because they have been well _.A.brought outB.brought inC.brought togetherD.brought up【解析】bring up“培养，教育”，符合后半句句意“受到了良好的教育”这一含义。【答案】DYou neednt add any explanation here because the meaning of that word will be _ very clearly in the next paragraph.A.picked outB.brought outC.brought upD.looked up【解析】考查动词短语的辨析。根据题意“你不用添加任何解释，因为在下文中这个词的含义会被讲得很清楚”可知选B。bring out“阐明”，符合题意。pick out意为“挑出来”；bring up意为“养育，培养，教育”；look up意为“抬头看”。【答案】B要点三 句型1. (1)They say that.他们说（2）Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.孟子认为人之所以与动物不同是因为人是好的、善良的。(3)He believed that people were more important than rulers, .他认为人民比统治者更重要（4）Mozi believed that all men were equal.墨子认为人人平等。归纳拓展以上各句中，主语都是“人”，谓语部分都是表示人的思维的动词。宾语都是宾语从句的形式，即sb.+v.+that句型。这个句型用来表示“某个（些）人说（认为/相信/希望）什么或怎么样”，常见的谓语动词有say,think,consider,hope,report.。这个句型可以转换为It is/was+p.p.+that从句或sb./sth.be+p.p.+to do/to have+p.p.。例句：People hope that more milu deer will be set free one day.It is hoped that more milu deer will be set free one day.More milu deer are hoped to be set free one day.人们希望有一天有更多的麋鹿被放归自然。believe后是that引导的宾语从句，从句中使用the reason why.is that.句式，其中why引导的是定语从句，that引导的是表语从句。reason用作定语从句先行词时，首先判断reason在定语从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，则要使用关系副词why引导定语从句，而且why有时可省略；如作主语或宾语，则使用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。例句：The only reason I went was that I wanted to meet your friends.我去的唯一的理由是想见见你的朋友们。Wed like to know the reason why she didnt accept the job.我们希望知道她为什么不接受这份工作。【链接训练】The bird flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A.causingB.being causedC.to be causedD.to have caused【解析】在句型It is believed that the bird flu is caused.中，主语从句的主语变成句子的主语之后，其谓语动词变成相应的不定式（短语），故答案为C。【答案】C2. Treat others in the way you want to be treated.己所不欲，勿施于人。归纳拓展（1）当先行词是 way （意为“方式，方法”）时，且在定语从句中作状语时，可用in which或that引导定语从句，也可省略关系词。例句：I dont understand the way （in which/that） they worked out the problem.我不理解他们计算这道题的方法。（2）当 the way 后面的定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，考生应用正常的思维方式来解决问题。例句：The way （that/which） he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。此复合句的从句中缺少宾语成分，故用which或that引导定语从句，而不应用 in which。（3）当先行词为 time 时，time 若作“次数”讲，用 that （可省略）引导；time 若作“一段时间”讲，用 when或at/during which引导。例句：This was a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or TV sets.在那个时代，没有收音机、电话，也没有电视机。【链接训练】I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A.不填B.in thatC.whichD.of which【解析】考查定语从句中先行词为the way时引导词的用法。此题中the way在定语从句中作状语，其后的引导词可用that/in which/省略三种形式，四个选项中只有A项符合题意。此句句意为：我不喜欢你同她讲话的方式。【答案】AThe wayhe worked out the problem isnt the way _ I told him.A./; /B.which; whichC./; whatD.that; what【解析】句意为：他解决那个问题的方式不是我告诉他的那种方式。第一个the way在定语从句中作状语，其后的引导词可用that/in which/省略三种形式；第二个the way在定语从句中作宾语，可用that/which/省略三种形式。故选A。【答案】A要点四 语法1. 限制性定语从句在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫作“先行词”。限制性定语从句：描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况，是主句不可或缺的一部分，如省去，主句意义不完整，甚至没有意义。引导定语从句的关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as。关系副词：where,when,why。l 限制性定语从句关系代词的一般用法如下表：关系代词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物句子主语宾语定语表语whowhomwhichthatwhoseas例句：The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天访问我们班的那个外宾是加拿大人。（作主语）The man (whom/who) you met yesterday is my cousin.昨天你遇见的那个人是我的堂兄。（作宾语）Corn is a useful plant which/that can be eaten by both people and animals.玉米是一种有用的作物，人、畜均可食用。（指物，作主语）Who is the man that is reading over there?正在那边看书的人是谁？（指人，作主语，不可省略）His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他的父母不让他与任何家境贫穷的人结婚。（作定语）China is not the one that it used to be.中国不再是过去的中国了。（作表语，指物）as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。它常用在the same.as,such.as,as.as,so.as句型当中，as不可省略。例句：Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.认识汤姆的老师都认为他很聪明。（作主语，指代teachers）Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你一样的词典。（作宾语，指代dictionary）The teachers today are not the same teachers as they were in the past.今天的老师和过去不一样了。（作表语，指代teachers）l 限制性定语从句关系副词的一般用法如下表：关系副词指代先行词所充当的句子成分when时间时间名词状语where地点地点名词状语why原因reason状语例句：That was a time when there were still slaves in the USA.那个时候，美国仍然有奴隶。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父亲工作的那家工厂在城市的西部。Thats the reason why she spoke.那就是她要发言的原因。注意：先行词表示时间、地点时，关系词不总是用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，就不能用where和when,而要用which或that。例句：I wont forget the time that/which we spent in the countryside.（作宾语）我永远不会忘记我们在农村度过的那段时光。关系副词有时可以用“介词+关系代词”来代替。例句：We will never forget the day when/on which Hong Kong returned.我们将永远不会忘记香港回归的那一天。The city where/in which I was born is becoming more and more developed.我出生的那个城市现在越来越发达。The reason why/for which Mr Wu resigned was not very clear.吴先生辞职的原因尚不十分清楚。2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句在定语从句中能作宾语的关系代词中，只有whom和which可直接置于介词之后构成“prep.+whom/which”这一结构。(1)当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不可省略。例句：This is the hero of whom we are proud.这是我们引以为豪的那个英雄。This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.这是我用来写信的那支钢笔。(2)当介词放在定语从句末尾时，可用that,which,who或whom作介词宾语的关系代词且可以省略。以上例句可改写为：This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of.This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with.(3)“复合介词短语+关系代词”引导的定语从句，从句常用逗号与先行词分开。例句：He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在前面有棵大树的大房子里面。注意：在固定搭配的动词短语中，介词不可置于关系代词之前。例句：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.这是我正在找的钢笔。(介词for不可提前)(4)关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词+名词”，如when=on/in/during the time,where=in/at/on the place,why=for the reason,因此关系副词引导的定语从句可以改写为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。例句：That is the day when (on which) he did the experiments.那一天正是他作实验的日子。This is the house where (in which) my family used to live.这就是我家以前住过的房子。That is the reason why (for which) he is leaving very soon.那就是他为什么要马上离开的原因。注意：在这种“介词+which”的结构中，介词的选择取决于which所指的名词与介词