春季培育蔬菜壮苗技术要点.docx

春季培育茄果类和瓜类蔬菜壮苗技术要点：Spring cultivation of / Solanaceous Fruits and melons vegetables seedling techniques:一、做好苗床及附属设施的准备工作。近年早熟和特早熟蔬菜的育苗（辣椒、茄子），提早到先年的11月中下旬到12月上旬，应用塑料棚加小拱棚温床育苗，必须准备好棚架、棚膜、培养土，老菜区的老苗床要换新土和床土严格消毒，准备地热线或酿热物，防冻的草帘等，秋菜育苗应有遮阳设施。One, good seedbed preparation and affiliated facilities. In recent years, early and early maturing vegetable seedling (pepper, eggplant), early in the first years of the mid to late 11 to early December, application of plastic shed and small arch shed hotbed / for breeding, must be ready to shed, greenhouse film, the cultivation of the soil, the old city old seedbed for the new earth and bed soil sterilization, prepared hotline or ferment, antifreeze warm, autumn seedling should shading.二、根据各地的设备条件、栽培目的和品种等，安排相应的播种期。设备条件好的和以早熟栽培为目的者，可以适当提早播种期，条件差一点的适当推迟一些。但春夏季蔬菜一般应尽可能采用防寒保温的设施，力争提早播种育苗，以延长营养生长期。如栽培板栗南瓜，利用它的耐低温性强、生育期较短的特性，比普通南瓜应提早育苗和移栽。栽培耐寒性较好的笋瓜、四季豆、早黄瓜、四月蔓小白菜及荠菜、苦苣、马兰菜等野菜可提早播种。Two, based around the equipment condition, cultivation objective and varieties, arrange the appropriate sowing date. Equipment condition good and early maturing culture for the purpose, can be appropriate early sowing date, a less desirable appropriate delay. But spring and summer vegetables in general should be used as far as possible the cold insulation facilities, and strive to early sowing, in order to extend the period of vegetative growth. Such as pumpkin cultivation of chestnut, the low temperature resistance is strong, short growth period / of its characteristics, than ordinary pumpkin should be raising seedlings and transplanting. Cultivation of cold winter squash, well, as early as April Sauteed Green Beans cucumber, cabbage and shepherds purse, any man, Ma Lan dishes can be early sowing wild herbs.三、苗床培养土，做到松、肥、净。采用不带病的净土，加充分腐熟的农家有机肥，再加火土灰，各三分之一，松碎过筛，并用杀菌剂喷杀消毒堆沤。Three, the seedbed cultivation soil, so loose, fertilizer, net. By not in spite of the pure land, farm manure and compost, plus Huotuhui, each 1/3, loosen the sieving, and disinfectant spray disinfection retting.四、及时间苗、排苗（分苗），逐渐放大苗距，使幼苗有一定的地上空间环境，生长得粗壮、均匀。尤其是播种早、苗龄期长的像辣椒、茄子苗，一般在2叶期后要进行2次分苗移栽，茄果类、瓜类苗最后一次排苗移入营养杯内为好。做好苗床的管理工作。主要是指对苗床温度、光照、湿度、肥料的管理，具体要做到六防：一防幼苗徒长。二防苗子老化和僵化。三防发病（控制苗床湿度）。四防冻害（冬春寒冷季节育苗）。五防风害。六防热害（后期通风炼苗，秋菜育苗遮阳）。特别是灾害性天气（寒潮、低温、雨雪），要有专人管理做好防冻工作。育苗后期的秧苗锻炼，抓住一切有利天气给苗床通风换气，定植前1-2天喷施叶面肥和防病药物，做到幼苗带药、带肥定植。春季对茄果类、瓜类蔬菜苗期温度实行“二高二低”的管理方法：播种后到出苗前，苗床温度要高，以25 -30 为宜，促使早发芽，早出苗；幼苗出土后，要降低温度，以 20 左右为宜，防止幼苗徙长，晴天白天注意通风换气，晚上视天气揭盖薄膜，尤其是瓜类幼苗出土后要严格控制温度，否则最易变成高脚苗，晴天上午九点左右揭开，阴天半揭或揭开两头。移苗后温度要高，以 25 为宜，使其还苗快，促进早生快发。移苗成活后，温度要低一些，以15 -20 为宜，白天稍高于夜晚（5 -10 ），晚上应以保温为主。Four, and the time of seedling, seedling (seedlings), gradually enlarged distance between seedlings, the seedlings have the space environment on the ground, grow stout, uniform. Especially in earlier sowing, seedling stage looks like pepper, eggplant, generally in the 2 leaf stage to 2 times after transplanting, Solanaceae, melon seedling last row of seedlings into the nutrition bowl as well. The good seedbed management. Mainly refers to the bed temperature, light, humidity, fertilizer management, specifically to do six proof: a proof of leggy seedlings. Two anti aging and rigid seedling. Three patients (effective moisture control). Four anti freezing (the winter cold season breeding). Five anti wind. Six thermal damage (late ventilation seedling nursery, autumn sun). Especially the disastrous weather (cold, cold, Yu Xue), a special management make anti freezing. Seedling seedling exercise late seize every favorable weather, seedbed ventilation, 1-2 days before the colonization of foliar fertilizer and preventive medicine, take medicine, do with fertilizer planting seedlings. Spring on solanaceous, melons and vegetables seedling temperature of the management method of two high and two low: after sowing to emergence, seedling bed temperature is higher, at 25 -30 , prompting early germination, early seedling; seedling emergence, to reduce the temperature to 20 , as appropriate, to prevent the seedling migration long, sunny day pay attention to ventilation, night depending on weather uncovering film, especially melon seedling emergence to strictly control the temperature, or most likely to become high seedling, sunny morning around nine open, semi open or open two cloudy. After the transplant to the higher