广东省语法填空命题规律及解题技巧.docVIP

广东省语法填空命题规律及解题技巧语法填空是广东省自行设计的一种新题型，具有一定的创新意义。主要的创新在于：在语篇层面上考查语言知识，符合新课标倡导的语言学习理念；试题设计采用了填空方式，而不是单项选择，真正激活了学生的语言知识及应用能力，对中学英语教学有较好的反拨作用；考试内容不仅涉及句子的语法结构，还包括构词法、篇章连贯和意义对句子结构的制约作用(比如：代词的指称涉及篇章的连贯等), 符合语言真实性的要求，让学生在更加真实的语境中应用自己的语言知识。命题分析主要考查的知识点：一是语法，二是上下文的连贯性，而且语法是重点。它主要考查考生对高中英语大纲要求的基本语法知识、词汇、习语和较为简单的英语表达方式的掌握和逻辑推理能力等。其命题特点如下：1. 短文长度。在150200词，其中2009年高考题是220词，2010年高考题是182词，2011年高考题是215词。2. 考查篇章理解。语法填空是以短文为载体，考查语法的同时，也考查了考生对语篇的理解。3. 考查基础语法。所填词语既要意思连贯和富有逻辑性(符合语境), 又要语法正确。重点考查动词、代词、介词、冠词、词类转换等基础知识。命题形式(1)给出提示词题型：填实义词用括号里所给词的适当形式填空。主要提供的是动词、形容词、名词三大类，考生需要根据语境写出正确的词形，一般有3个小题。包括动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词，形容词和副词的比较等级，名词的单复数，以及词类或词义的转换等。(2)纯空格题型：填功能词空后没给词，要求考生根据文意、上下文连贯性和行文逻辑，填入一个恰当的词，包括代词、介词、限定词 (冠词、物主代词、指示代词等)、连词、时间及地点副词等。语法填空三年高考考点：从考试说明的样题和近三年的高考题来看，实词以动词、代词、形容词、副词为主，其中动词又是重中之重；虚词以介词、冠词为主。而句法方面主要考查复合句的引导词，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。语法填空三年高考考点：从考试说明的样题和近三年的高考题来看，实词以动词、代词、形容词、副词为主，其中动词又是重中之重；虚词以介词、冠词为主。而句法方面主要考查复合句的引导词，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。近三年广东语法填空考点分布情况知识点分布动词（含非谓语）形容词连词介词代词冠词名词200930122112010232111020112221210专题一记叙文型语法填空记叙文体裁主要是记人、叙事、写景、状物一类的文章，是常见的文体。在语法填空篇章中，其语言特点有：1以一般过去时为主，其他时态为辅。合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态，使文章所叙述的动作具有层次感和立体感。2广泛使用动态动词。这些动词的存在会使文章充满“动感”，而这种让往事历历在目的“动感”正是优秀的记叙文所要追求的效果。应试点睛语法填空要求考生阅读一篇短文，然后按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求完成10道语法填空题。做题要求：一是在空格处填入适当的词；二是使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。1语法填空的考查范围(1)语境(上下文)；(2)语法：动词、名词、代词、冠词、介词、固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级与最高级及构词法、倒装等。动词：时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词等；引导词：一些从句的使用，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等；形容词、副词、名词、动词之间的词型、词性转换，形容词与副词的比较级、最高级等；介词：一些常用介词的基本用法、介词短语的用法；名词、冠词：注意名词的单数、复数、可数、不可数以及冠词的特殊性用法；代词：注意代词所指代的对象和前后对应的关系；并列词：and, so, or, otherwise等表示并列、对比的词， 以及表示承接、转折的副词therefore, however的用法；句型：要求归纳整理，并且牢固掌握一些基本常用句型，如：not.until.; not only.but (also).; so.that.; not.but.; as.as.; either.or.；more.than.; neither.nor.；such.that.；hardly.when.; no sooner.than.等。2语法填空的能力要求(1)阅读/理解语篇的能力；(2)分析句子结构的能力；(3)熟练运用语法的能力；(4)单词拼写能力一、句子分类:简单,并列选择,因果五种基本句型主语+不及物动词主语+连系动词+表语主语+及物动词+宾语主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语二、名词性从句主语1.That(不充当句子成分，本身无意义)2.who, whom, what, which,whoever, whatever, whichever(本身有意义，在句中作主语或宾语,不能省略)3.where, when, how, why(本身有意义，在句中作状语)4.注意whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义宾语1.从属连词that(不可省略that的情况：做learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel ,hold的宾语时；宾语从句较长时；主句状语置于主句句尾宾从之前时；宾从有状语或状语从句且置于宾从之前时；主句谓语与宾从之间有插入语时；一个动词带有两个宾从第二个宾从的that不可省略；主句中的谓语动词是固定词组时；宾从中的主语是this,that或主语的定语是this/that时；宾从的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；宾从是双宾语中的直接宾语时；+有it做形式宾语时；2.连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whosever, whatever, whichever（连接代词一般指疑问句，但what, whatever除了指疑问句还可指陈述）3.从属连词whether ,if(介词和名词后不用if，少数动词leave, put, discuss, doubt后宾从用whether，在不定时前用whether，避免歧义时用whether)4.连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however（连接副词when, where等有时也可表示陈述）表语1)be+表语从句2)seem, look, appear, sound, taste, remain+表语从句3）表从中的虚拟语气idea, advice, proposal, recommendation, suggestion, order, command, request, requirement1.从属连词that whether2.连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever3.连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however4.其他连接词because, as if, as thouth, as ,like同位语1.同位语从句修饰的名词必须是一个表示事实等的抽象名词，如：information, reply, doubt，message, news, fact,hope, desire, problem, idea, suggestion,question, belief, truth等2.同位语从中的虚拟语气idea, advice, proposal, recommendation,suggestion, order, command, request,requirement2.that, whether, why, who,3.where, how, when注意名词性wh-名词从句wh-词包括:who, whom,. whose, whoever, what,whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。三、副词性从句状语从句时间从句when, while, as,before, after, onceas soon as, till, until,notuntil,the first/second/last time,the moment, the minute, the instant,everytime，eachtimeimmediately, directly, instantly,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,no soonerthan地点从句where, wherever原因从句because, since, as, now that,seeing that,considering that结果从句so that,sothat,suchthat目的从句so that, in case, for fear that,lest所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词以免;生怕; 唯恐Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。=that 用于fear, worry等词之后起连接作用, 无实际意义I was afraid lest he might come too late.我怕他来得太晚。条件从句if, unless, now (that), as(so) long as,in case,on condition that, suppose/supposing,provided/providing方式从句how, as, as if/as though让步从句although, though, aseven though/if, while,no matter +which/what/no matter +when/where/no matter +who/how,whichever, wherever,whatever,whoever, whenever, however, whetheror；比较从句than,asas,not so/asas,the +比较级, the +比较级题型探究探究点一纯空格题型考生需要根据语境在每个空格处填入一个合适的词，主要考查连词、介词、代词、冠词等。1根据语境判断词义通过句意或语篇的要求确定单词的含义，此种设计考查点包括实词和虚词。值得注意的是，有时通过句子本身或上下两个句子就可以确定词义，但有时要通过几个句子、一个段落甚至整个篇章结构才能确定。判断词义可以通过定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定。1(1)定义法：是指通过定义解释、定语从句、同位语等判断词义，这类词主要是名词。例1We are all in the position of the_1_(farm).If we plant a good seed, we will get a good harvest.If our seed is poor and full of weeds, well get a _2_(use) crop.If we dont plant anything, well harvest _3_ at all【答案】 1.farmer【解析】 通过后面句子的含义解释可以确定空格词义是“农夫，农民”，特别是几个关键词“plant, seed, harvest”与farmer的工作特点是完全一致的。2. useless3.nothing(2)对比法：指通过句子的对比关系来判断所缺单词的词义，通常可以通过一些连词或副词来判断，如: but, than, or, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。例2There are more _ teachers in my school than men teachers.【答案】 women【解析】 通过对比后面的men teachers可以确定空格词义是“女性的”，即名词women作定语修饰teachers。(3)因果法：指通过句子的内在联系或句子之间存在的因果关系来判断词义。例3 The museum was so_ that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.【答案】 large【解析】根据结果状语从句的含义“不可能一天之内看完所有的展品”可以判断主句指的是“博物馆太大了”。(4)语境线索：即通过上下语境确定空格内要填的词的词义。例4-1One day mother looked at Nicks shoes and said, “Nick, look at your shoes. How _they are! You must clean them.”例4-2One day mother looked at Nicks shoes and praised, “Nick, looking at your shoes, I know youve learned to look after yourself. How _they are! You must have cleaned them last night before going to bed.”2根据句子成分确定词性对于纯空格形式的填空，在确定词义后，还要判断所填词的词性。词性的判断主要是通过分析句子的成分来确定。一般情况下可以作如下分析：(1)主语和宾语一般由名词、代词充当，有时也由动名词、不定式短语充当。例5 From Monday to Friday, most people are busy working or studying, but in the evening or on weekends they are free to relax and enjoy _.【答案】 themselves【解析】此处考查代词作宾语的用法。根据句子结构，句子的主语是they，谓语是are free，to relax and enjoy.是目的状语，在这个状语中缺宾语，再根据语境“周末时自由放松”，所以要使用反身代词themselves。They dont have to worry what _35_ think.When youre setting your goals for the New Year, think like a child. Set your goals as if _40_ is possible.The first law of success is concentration. Bend _34_ of your energies to one point, and go directly to that point, looking neither to the right nor the left.(2)谓语主要是由动词充当。在确定词义后，要判断其时态和语态。时态一般只考查一般现在时和一般过去时。但有时也可能涉及非谓语动词。例6She is the one who always takes his sorrow as her own sorrow, the one who always_ by his side whether he is poor or rich.【答案】 stands【解析】此处考查作谓语的动词，根据语境，此空含义是“站在(他身边)”，即 stand。同时根据前后句的时态可以判断要使用一般现在时，由于主语是she，所以使用第三人称单数stands。例7At midnight, I woke up to find the girl _ soundly in her mothers embrace.I could see the smile of security on her face.【答案】 sleeping【解析】此处考查语境理解及宾补结构的用法。根据语境“半夜我醒来时发现那个女孩正在她妈妈的怀抱中熟睡”，所以使用动词sleep的现在分词形式充当补语。(3)表语、定语和补语一般由形容词充当，有时也由动名词、现在分词和过去分词等充当。例8Every year, on Spring Festival Eve, CCTV broadcasts its Spring Festival Gala_ to millions of viewers.【答案】 live【解析】此处考查语境理解及形容词充当补语的用法。broadcast.live意为“现场直播”。(4)状语主要由副词充当。例9He dug for 12 hours.24 hours._，in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his sons voice.【答案】 Eventually /Finally【解析】此处考查语境理解及副词充当状语的用法。从语境可以推断此空含义是“终于，最后”，由于是修饰后面的整个句子，所以使用副词形式。3根据句子类型确定词类若两个或几个简单句之间是逗号，可以判断，一定是填连词。连词有两类，一种是并列连词，一种是从属连词。我们可以根据句子的类型判断所要填的词类。主要有以下几种句型：(1) 并列句：一般由“简单句并列连词简单句”构成，有时并列连词前有逗号，可以根据上下句的内在联系判断连词，如同等关系(and)、转折关系(but)、选择关系(or)、因果关系(so)等。例10“There are many mainland students at my university and all the other universities in Hong Kong.These students could not speak Cantonese at first, _ I had to speak putonghua to make friends with them，”said Cheung.【答案】 so【解析】根据上下句的语义可以判断是因果关系，所以用so。句意为：这些学生不会讲广东话，所以，为了跟他们交朋友，我不得不讲普通话。(2)状语从句：通过语境理解、判断上下文的逻辑关系，判断其是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他状语从句，最后确定所缺连词。例11_the sun came out, he looked down and laughed.There was no abyss.Just six inches down there was a rock.【答案】 As/When【解析】根据前后两个都是简单句可以判断是缺少连词；从第一句的含义来看，是表示时间的状语从句，所以用as/when。(3)名词性从句：当确定为名词性从句后，可以分析从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语，如果缺以上成分，一般情况下要使用what，有时可能使用who/whom或which；如果不缺以上成分，则考虑句子意思是否完整，完整的句子可以用that，意思不完整的则考虑用where, why, how, because等。例12 I was in the train sitting opposite a middleaged couple.They were ordinary in every aspect, but _ they did touched me deeply.【答案】 what【解析】此处考查主语从句的引导词。从句中缺表示物的主语，所以使用what。(4)定语从句：当确定为定语从句后，首先要看看先行词指人、物、时间、地点还是其他，然后判断引导词在从句中的成分，再根据定语从句的有关规则确定使用哪个引导词。例13However, Cheung, _ graduated from Hong Kong Baptist University this summer, has found that now she needs putonghua more than ever.【答案】 who【解析】此处考查非限制性定语从句的引导词的用法。由于先行词是人Cheung(张)，引导词在从句中作主语，所以使用who。4根据固定搭配、典型句型确定动词、名词、介词等固定搭配的短语及习惯用法是属于比较简单的考点，只要平时注意积累基本上就能答对。例14Volunteers work plays an important _in Americas high school education.【答案】 part【解析】 此处考查短语play a part in的搭配用法。但有时命题者会在设计时增加一些难度，在短语之间插入其他一些成分，或将固定连用的短语分隔开来，这一点也需注意。例15Some parents tried to pull him off the schools ruins, saying, “Its too late! They are all dead! There is nothing you can do！”_each parent he responded with the same line: “Are you going to help me now？” And then he continued to dig for his son, stone by stone.【答案】 To【解析】 此处考查短语respond to的固定搭配。由于宾语each parent放在了句首，短语被拆开，所以难度加大了许多。探究点二给出提示词题型1提示词是动词当括号内提供的是动词时，主要判断其是谓语还是非谓语。(1)当考查的是谓语时，首先要判断其时态和语态。例1Since Hong Kong _(rejoin) China in 1997, more students from the Chinese mainland have chosen to study there.【答案】 rejoined【解析】此处考查作谓语的动词形式。根据主句的时态have chosen及从句的时间状语in 1997，此空动词应该是一般过去时态。(2)如果考查非谓语，要判断非谓语在句中的成分，根据不同成分使用适当的形式，其中使用ing形式和ed形式居多，有时也考查to do, to be done, having done等形式。例2Ten years ago, Jessica Cheung was only 13._(live) with her parents in Hong Kong, she knew little putonghua.【答案】 Living【解析】此处考查作非谓语的动词形式。动词live(生活)作原因状语，与逻辑主语she是主动关系，所以使用现在分词living。2提示词是形容词或副词如果括号内提供的是形容词，一般是考查副词，即要变成副词形式；如果括号内提供的是副词，一般是考查形容词，即要变成形容词形式。但有时也要根据语境判断是否要变成名词或否定含义。The man replied: “I dont have an email”. The broker replied _39_ (curious), “You dont have an email, and yet have established an empire!【答案】 curiously【解析】此处考查副词作状语的用法。括号内提供的是形容词，要用来修饰动词replied，所以要使用副词形式。例4At last, her courage and _(wise) impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.【答案】 wisdom【解析】括号内提供的是形容词，但此空与前面的名词courage是并列成分，一起充当主语，所以要使用名词形式wisdom。(2011广东卷）He19(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and was giving it a voice. He must be20(mental) disabled.【答案】19.was pretending20 mentally(2011广东卷）One Sunday morning in August I went to a local music festival. I left it early because I had an appointment16(late) that day. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me17the bus arrived.【答案】16 later17 until3提示词是名词当括号内提供的是名词时，一般考查其形容词形式，但有时也可能考查其副词、动词等形式。例5There, my voice sounds really_(wonder) because theres a slight echo to it.【答案】 wonderful【解析】括号内提供的是名词，但此空作系动词sounds的表语，所以要使用形容词形式。例6. A certain man planted a rose and watered it_(faith) and before it blossomed, he examined it.【答案】 faithfully【解析】括号内提供的是名词，但此空是作状语，修饰动词water，所以要变成副词。注意：先将名词faith变成形容词faithful，然后再变成副词faithfully。专题一记叙文型语法填空专题导读记叙文体裁主要是记人、叙事、写景、状物一类的文章，是常见的文体。在语法填空篇章中，其语言特点有：1以一般过去时为主，其他时态为辅。合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态，使文章所叙述的动作具有层次感和立体感。2广泛使用动态动词。这些动词的存在会使文章充满“动感”，而这种让往事历历在目的“动感”正是优秀的记叙文所要追求的效果。2011广东卷 One Sunday morning in August I went to a local music festival. I left it early because I had an appointment_1_ (late) that day. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me_2_ the bus arrived. I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man_3_ (sit) at the front. He_4_ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. He must be_5_ (mental) disabled.Behind him were other people to_6_he was trying to talk, but after some minutes_7_ walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.I didnt want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didnt like leaving him_8_ his own either.After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had_9_ amazing conversation. He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home.Im glad I made the choice. It made_10_ of us feel good.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了“我”的一次坐车经历：在公交车上遇到一个好像是弱智的人，其他人都躲开了，而“我”走近了他，和他聊起来，一路上“我”俩都很高兴。1later考查副词的用法。我离开得较早因为那天晚些时候我有个约会。2till/until考查状语从句的连接词。我的朋友一直陪我直到公共汽车来。3sitting/sit考查动词的用法。notice sb doing/do sth.意为“注意到某人正在做某事/做了某事”。4was pretending考查动词的时态。由giving it a voice可知用过去进行时。5mentally考查副词的用法。此处disabled是形容词，用副词修饰。6whom考查定语从句的关系词。此处he was trying to talk to 是定语从句，people是先行词，whom作介词to的宾语。7they考查代词的用法。他们走开然后坐在我的旁边。8on考查词组的用法。此处考查词组on ones own (alone)。9an考查冠词的用法。amazing是以元音音素开头，故用an。10both考查代词的用法。由上文 We had amazing conversation可知“我们俩”都很高兴。Elevenyearold Angela was stricken with a disease involving her nervous system. The doctors did not hold out much hope of her ever recovering _1_ this illness.They predicted shed spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair. _2_ Angela firmly believed that she was definitely going to be walking again someday.The doctors were charmed by her _3_ (defeatable) spirit.They taught her about imagingabout seeing herself _4_ (walk)Angela would work as hard as possible in physical therapy(理疗), lying there faithfully doing her imaging, visualizing herself moving, moving, moving!One day, _5_ she was straining with all her might to imagine her legs moving again, _6_ seemed as though a miracle happened: the bed moved! She screamed out, “Look what I _7_ (do)! Look! Look! I can do it! I moved, I moved！” Of course, _8_ this very moment everyone _9_ in the hospital was screaming, too.It was the San Francisco earthquake.But dont tell _10_ to Angela.Shes convinced that she did it.And now only a few years later, shes back in school.On her own two legs.No walking sticks, no wheelchair.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._【解析】靠轮椅行走的安吉拉，连医生对她的康复都不抱希望，但她始终没有放弃，一次地震让她觉得是她自己的脚动了，并对此坚信不疑，几年后她真的靠自己的双脚重新走进了学校。1fromrecover from an illness意为“从疾病中恢复过来”。2But与前句是转折关系。3undefeatable在名词前作定语，要用形容词；由语境可知，此处应表示“不败的”，故填undefeatable。句意：医生为她永不言败的精神所折服。4walkingsee sb doing“看见某人在做某事”。5asas表示“正当时”。6it句式搭配：it seems as if/as though.仿佛是7am doing句意：看，我在做什么！8atat this very moment意为“此刻”。9else用于复合不定代词或疑问词后，表示“其他的”，用else。10that/it替代前文说的地震这回事。专题二说明文型语法填空说明文是对事物的特征、本质、性能、状态，或事物的发生、发展、结果、用途、原理等进行介绍、解释、说明的一种文体。其语言特点有：1多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释。2采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的说明与介绍，因此，语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。分析句子结构是答题过程中很关键的一步。做题时，首先确定句子的主谓宾成分，看看该句子缺不缺谓语动词，然后再考虑非谓语动词或者其他成分。此时，要借助上下文的暗示或明示，确定需要填入词语的词性、形式和功能等。The air we breathe is freely available, without which we could not survive more than a few minutes.For the most part, air is available to everyone, and everyone _1_ (need) it.Some people use the air to sustain them while _2_(seat) around and feel sorry for themselves._3_ breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make_4_ magnificent life.Opportunity is_5_ the same way; it is everywhere.It is_6_freely available that we take it for granted.Yet opportunity alone is not enough to create success, it must_7_ (seize) and acted upon in order to have value.So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a“ground floor opportunity”， as if the opportunity will do all the work thats _8_(possible)Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed.It takes more than just breathing in the fresh air of opportunity, _9_.You must make use of it.Thats not up to the opportunity, thats up to you.It doesnt matter what “floor” the opportunity is on, but _10_ matters is what you do with it.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._【解析】1needs考查主谓一致，由全文时态可知用一般现在时， everyone后用第三人称单数。2seated过去分词作伴随状语， 相当于“while they are seated”。3Others句型：some.others.4a表示“一种奇妙的生活”，是泛指，故用不定冠词a。5inin the way是固定搭配。6so句型：so.that.7be seized依据上下文的理解， 可知句意表示“有机遇必须抓住， 你才能成功”。8impossible依据上下文和构词法， 此处应为“不可能的”， 故用“impossible”。9however/though插入语， 意为“然而”。10what引导主语从句且在句中作主语，故用what。(一)Two seeds lay side by side in the fertile spring soil.The first seed said, “I want to grow! I want to send my roots deep into the soil _1_ me, and thrust my sprouts (芽) _2_ the earths crust above me.I want to open my tender buds(蓓蕾) like banners to announce the _3_ (arrive) of spring.I want to feel the warmth of the sun on my face and the blessing of the morning dew(露水) on my petals(花瓣)！”And so she grew.The second seed said, “I am afraid.If I send my roots into the ground below, I dont know what I _4_(come) across in the dark.If I push my way through the hard soil above me, I may damage my delicate sprouts. What if I let my buds open and a snail (蜗牛) tries _5_(eat) them? And _6_ I were to open my blossoms, _7_ small child may pull me from the ground.No, it is much _8_ (good) for me to wait _9_it is safe.”And so she waited. A yard hen