省略和并列平行结构.docVIP

省略和并列平行结构英语中词的省略现象很多。其目的是为了符合英语表达习惯和修辞特点。省略词语决不是可以随意增删词句，而是要必须遵循以下几条原则：1） 可有可无的，或是多余的。2） 省略的词义已经体现在上下文中。阅读时，必须根据上下文找出英语中省略的词语翻译时再根据汉语的习惯进行适当增补。1. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn expect to the nearest cabin or settlement.分析：在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同（或为it），而从句的谓语又含有be(包括连系动词be和助动词be)，则可以省略“主语+be”2. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.分析：这是一个由but连接的并列句。其中第二个分句的主语是一个主语从句。由于该主语从句的主谓宾与第一个分句相同，所以被全部省略。只剩下疑问副词how。译文：任何东西，从宇宙射线到辐射，以至日常饮食，都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因，但如何激活的，仍然不得而知。3. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of setting their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.分析：介词短语by seeing which side前省略了setting their disputes。seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side与saying that that side which has killed most has won是介词by后的两个并列成分。译文：打仗意味着残杀，。文明的民族应该能够找到某种解决争端的方法，而不是通过看哪一方能消灭另一方更多的人，然后说杀人最多的一方获胜来解决争端。胜者不仅胜了，而且还因为胜利而有理。4. A few weeks with one firm, a few days with another, then out of a job, then on again for a month perhaps and so on.分析：这是省略句，省略了句子的主语和谓语。这样使句子的结构更加紧凑。在文学作品中常有这种句子。翻译时要用恰当的连接词，把句子的紧凑性翻译出来。5. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be less interesting.分析：这是并列句。由and连接。第一句中的谓语动词是will net, net在这里做动词，意为“挣得、赢得”。第二句的谓语动词是will be,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的，所以省略了will,又因为省略的是助动词，因此汉语中不必译出。6. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.分析：该句的最后一部分省略了主语和谓语，因为前一句的主语和谓语与它是相同的。若不省略就会显得很罗嗦，翻译时也要省略。7. By taking thought, men can move mountainsand have.分析：该句的最后一部分用表示完成式的助动词have代替了前面提到的动词。译文：凭借智慧，人能移山，实际上人类已经做到了。8. You see, dear, I know that the stick-in- the- mud people are doing us a good turn and themselves a bad one by going back to secret trials and executions so soon, and I know that if you who are left stand together steadily and hit hard, you will see great things.分析：这是并列复合句。主干结构是I know thatand I know that。两个that 引起两个宾语从句。第一个宾语从句中省略了are doing themselves a bad turn。第二个宾语从句中有一个条件状语从句。译文：你瞧，亲爱的，我知道那些陷入泥潭的家伙，如此迫不及待地重新使用起秘密审讯和秘密处决的手段，这实际上是在帮我们的忙，而害了他们自己；我还知道，如果你们留下来的人能够坚定地团结一致，给他们以狠狠的打击，你们就会取得伟大的成就。9. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.分析：as 引导的从句说明when从句的内容，可以说是从句的从句，翻译时最好放在主句之后，起补充说明作用。句中must 后省略了谓语add interpretation and analysis。10. To get a description of direction along the line, we shall call the line on one side of the origin positive, on the other side negative.分析：“to get”不定式短语表示目的。on the other side 前面省略了and we shall call the line,后面省略了of the origin。翻译时应把省略的部分补出来。英语常用并列连词，如and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not onlybut also, eitheror或 neithernor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词的宾语、两个或几个名词的定语、两个或几个介词短语等。如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句，则构成一个并列句，使用并列结构可以使文字简洁，结构紧凑，并避免重复。1. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.分析：句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as结构使用了倒装结构，因为the family roles后面有修饰成分，故将其置后。2. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.分析：介词by 后面的separatepersonnel systems, diffusionspecial services和the absence ofthe government为三个并列成分。表示缺少详细记载的原因。句中一些词要转译。3. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.分析：动词consider 后面的宾语是the wants of the customer。 非限定性定语从句who must buy 修饰the customer，not the thing but the thing是并列成分。4. Green, hilly, with abundant trees, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territoryor would have been, except for the mines.分析：和it was a beautiful country 并列的分句(it) would have been是虚拟语气，后面省略了a beautiful country。Green, hilly, with abundant trees修饰a beautiful country，放在主句前是为了强调。5. The lack of insistence on personal honor, the surface informality, the disparaging responses to compliments, and willingness to admit mistakes are part of the egalitarian tradition, as are the Americans pride in what they have been able to achieve and their criticism of things that fall short of perfection.分析：该句的主句由四个并列的名词短语做主语，即The lack of insistence,the surface informality, the disparaging responses和willingness to admit mistakes。另外，值得一提的是， as 引导的比较状语从句使用了倒装语序。这是为了保持句子平衡。 6. The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 分析：该句中，to aid in 后面跟了四个并列的动名词，而四个并列的动名词后又跟了三个并列的宾语。7. That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.分析：该句中，四个现在分词短语构成并列结构，做状语。对前面的表语从句进行补充说明。8. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.分析：该句有两个并列的由and 连接的原因状语从句，都是由since引导，available to the poor修饰money, purchasable with a given supply of money修饰the amount of power。主句中的从句unless accompanied by other measures分割了is likely和to be ineffective in a wealthy society