英语基本语法(否定).docxVIP

否定：全部否定和部分否定：eg. All the birds can not fly. Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。1. 部分否定eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。代词或副词如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是等。eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.2. 全部否定英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。eg. W: Daddy, I ve decided to give up science and go to business school.M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn youthat not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?A. The man doesnt have money for his daughters graduate studies.B. The man doesnt think his daughter will get a business degree.C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.实例练习：1M: Wow, thats a big assignment weve got for the psychology class. W: Well , its not as bad as it looks. It isnt due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。A. The assignment looks easy but actually its quite difficult.B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday. D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.2M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadnt heard from you for two months.W: Yes, I know. But Ive been too busy to phone him.Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman had forgotten Marks phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.阅读当中： eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.（0506阅读） 调查者将约2，000种产品上所标有的环保声明记录了下来，发现许多声明要么过于模糊，要么误导性太强，都不符合ISO 标准。eg. Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise. said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.（0512阅读） 人们不应该躲避压力就像他们不应该躲避食物、爱情或锻炼身体一样， no more . than.= not.any more than.eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.（0606阅读） 这些被捕获的人绝对不是恐怖分子，他们之中大多数人只是中南美洲的非法移民。eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease Americas energy problems.（0506阅读） 国家资源防御委员会坚信政府勘探预测中数据的下限，认为在ANWR的沿岸平原地带可以经济性开采的石油只有32亿桶。这个数量对于缓解美国的能源问题实际上起不到什么作用，简直是沧海一粟。1.So many students get failed in the final examination. It is strange that such a thing _1_in your school. It is important that the results of an experiment_2_.1. ahappens happenedcshould happen dhad happened2.acheck and recheck checking and recheckingcbe checked and rechecked dchecked and rechecked2.The people who knew him very well said that he was too nave sometimes. Had he been older,he_1_less sympathetic. But what he had done proved that he was the person, loving life, also a hero who can help others out of trouble._2_his timely arrival, the boy would have been drowned. That gained respects for him.3.amight have been would becmight be dhad been4.aBut for Even forcExcept for dIf not1. 选c该题考察表示惊奇、高兴、遗憾、担心等感情色彩的形容词引起的主语从句中的虚拟语气的表达。在 anxious, sorry, concerned, happy, delighted等表示感情色彩的形容词后接的that 从句中，用should来修饰谓语动词。该句中有strange一次，意为“奇怪”，表示对事物的惊讶或不满，it为形式主语，that从句为主语从句，要求从句中用虚拟语气的表达形式should+动词原形表示2. 选c该题考察its+adj.+that主语从句的虚拟形式。观察句子结构可以看出这里为Its+形容词(important)+that从句结构，形容词important做表语，主语从句需要虚拟形式should+动词原形，should可以省略3. 选a该题考察非真实条件的虚拟。在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，条件从句用了过去完成时形式，主句可用should(would/could/might)+have+过去分词的形式4. 选a该题考察含蓄条件的虚拟。But for含义为“要不是”，用于此处可以表达假设条件，but for his timely arrival=If it had not been for his timely arrival或If he had not arrived on time.四六级考试中的完形填空不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。根据如上特点，结合样题来说明一下解答完型填空的步骤与技巧。 1、通读原文，了解大意 这项考试首先是测试考生对篇章的理解能力。虽然所给出的文章被抽去了20个词，但是整篇文章的内容仍是可以理解的。样题文章的开头写道：Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further.这就是文章的主题句。它说明了本文所叙述的内容，一定是与wise buying有关的。我们在通读文章时，对于文章的第一句一定要加以注意，因为完型填空的第一句一般是不命题的，其目的就是要我们比较容易地掌握文章的主旨。 2、细读文章、初选答案 完型填空综合了词汇、结构以及阅读理解部分的测试内容，一般包括动词、介词搭配，词汇辨析（包括形近词和意近词）、固定搭配以及语法结构等等。 （1）词汇辨析 选项与选项之间构成形近词、意近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。这类题在完型填空题中居多，基本都是四大类实义词（名词、动词、形容词和副词）的辨析。例如68题save, preserve, raise以及retain的辨析，结合后面提示我们的词“money”，不难选择出正确答案save。而preserve有保留、保存、保护的意思，raise也是及物动词，常与不及物动词rise混淆。retain含有词根re，retain有保留的意思。这类题其实是老题型词汇部分的变相考察，所以考生在做复习时参考老题型的词汇部分也有很大帮助的。有些题还可以借助上下文的提示做出，例如82题，根据上文提示，不难选出正确答案appliance（家用电器）。 （2）介词辨析 介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、介词与形容词及及介词与动词的搭配和用法。例如样题中的69、74、86题，其中69是个固定搭配，add to意为“增加”。 （3）固定搭配 （4）语法结构 这里讲到的语法结构，是指主语从句、宾语从句，定语从句以及一些其他语法现象等等。例如85题check后面的宾语从句中缺少一个主语，所以应当选择what。 3、回头补缺、核实答案 在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。不要在某一题上花费大量的时间，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解会越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚也。题目填完后（除个别难度较大的题目外），考生应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读，通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来，不仅可以改正填错的词，而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发，把做不上来的题目填出来。1.So many students get failed in the final examination. It is strange that such a thing _1_in your school. It is important that the results of an experiment_2_.1. ahappens happenedcshould happen dhad happened2.acheck and recheck checking and recheckingcbe checked and rechecked dchecked and rechecked2.The people who knew him very well said that he was too nave sometimes. Had he been older,he_1_less sympathetic. But what he had done proved that he was the person, loving life, also a hero who can help others out of trouble._2_his timely arrival, the boy would have been drowned. That gained respects for him.3.amight have been would becmight be dhad been4.aBut for Even forcExcept for dIf not答案：1. 选c该题考察表示惊奇、高兴、遗憾、担心等感情色彩的形容词引起的主语从句中的虚拟语气的表达。在 anxious，sorry，concerned，,happy，delighted等表示感情色彩的形容词后接的that 从句中，用should来修饰谓语动词。该句中有strange一次，意为“奇怪”，表示对事物的惊讶或不满，it为形式主语，that从句为主语从句，要求从句中用虚拟语气的表达形式should+动词原形表示2. 选c该题考察its+adj.+that主语从句的虚拟形式。观察句子结构可以看出这里为Its+形容词(important)+that从句结构，形容词important做表语，主语从句需要虚拟形式should+动词原形，should可以省略3. 选a该题考察非真实条件的虚拟。在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，条件从句用了过去完成时形式，主句可用should(would/could/might)+have+过去分词的形式4. 选a该题考察含蓄条件的虚拟。But for含义为“要不是”，用于此处可以表达假设条件，but for his timely arrival=If it had not been for his timely arrival或If he had not arrived on time.以下是难句翻译，依然是针对六级高频考点虚拟语气进行练习，虚拟语气是六级的常考语法1.When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world and look at our boy grabbing at the lamp by the sofa, I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me.2.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.3.”My hat was here a second ago but now its missing. Someone_(一定在跟我开玩笑)!”4.His advice has made the design_(比它原本会是的样子更好)1.【解析】该题考察对过去情况的虚拟【句意】当我想到有关世界人口过剩的所有问题，看着我们儿子抓沙发旁的台灯时，就在想如果那时在父母逼着台灯时，就在想如果那时在父母逼着我生孩子的时候，自己能够求助于“有计划地成为祖父母”组织就好了。2.【解析】该题考察as if虚拟语气在状语从句中的使用。大家要注意从句中系动词的使用形式为were【句意】如果我要纠正别人，我会采取和蔼克制的态度，好像再纠正自己一样。3.must have made a joke about me【解析】该题虚拟条件句的使用。本句是对过去事实的推测。观察句子可以看出这里为对过去的事实的肯定推测，应用must+have done结构，句中someone 与make 之间为主动关闭。4.better than it would otherwise have been【解析】该句考察含蓄条件句的虚拟形式。otherwise相当于虚拟条件if it hadnt been for his advice,表示对过去的一种虚拟，所以要用would otherwise have been.If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.【妙译】如果你是男人，你会指出，大多数诗人和科学家都是男性的;如果你是妇女，你会反驳说，大多数罪犯都是男性的。【点拨】a本句是一个以分号连接的并列复合句。在第一分句中，从属连词if引导条件状语从句，that引导的从句时动词短语point out的宾语。第二个分句的结构基本与分句一的相同。B在第二个分句里，that引导的宾语从句使用了倒装的形式：most criminals是主语，so是表语，代替male以避免重复。本句是表示两种事物的对比，倒装的使用有较强的表现力。1.In India more than one hundred languages are spoken,_1_ which only fourteen are recognized as official. Many foreigners are curious about that how they understand others and communicate with others. And the mystery that different langu