化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案.pdf

Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries 1. the Industrial Revolution 2. organic chemicals 3. the contact process 4. the Haber process 5. synthetic polymers 6. intermediates 7. artificial fertilizers 8. pesticides 9. synthetic fibers 10. pharmaceutical 11. research and development 12. petrochemical 13. computers 14. capital intensive Some Chemicals Used In Our Daily Life Food artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary products Health antibiotics, -blockers Clothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyes Shelter synthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes), plastics Leisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon) Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index impovements), polymers, plastics Unit 2 Research and Development 1. R as an alkali Chlorine brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2 as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing products Caustic soda brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2 for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals, syntheses of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soap Sulfuric acid elemental sulphur S +O2 SO2 SO2 + O2 SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8. capital 9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1 1787 C. Berthollet discovers the composition of ammonia 1903 Fritz Haber synthesizes ammonia 1909 Fritz Haber drives the optimum reaction conditions 1909-1914 C. Bosch, A. Mittaschscale-up the process 1913 in BASF build a pilot plant 1919 Fritz Haber receives the Noble price 1920s in Britain and America Introduce the Haber process 1931 C. Bosch receives the Noble price Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios 3. high temperature carbonization 4. crude tar 5. pyrolysis 6. poor selectivity 7. consumption of hydrogen 8. the pilot stage 9. surface and underground 10. fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur species Unit 9 Polymers Abbreviation Name of polymer LDPE Low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯 HDPE High density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯 LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯 PET or PBT Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯 PVC Poly vinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯 PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯 POM Polyoxymethylene 聚甲醛 PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯 PC Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯 PPO Polyphenylene oxide 聚苯醚 PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯 PF phenol-formaldehyde resins 酚醛树脂 PMMA poly (methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 UF urea-formaldehyde resins 脲醛树脂 Name of polymer Company or Inventor Year introduced Phenol-formaldehyde resin Baekland 1909 Urea-formaldehyde resin 1929 Alkyd resin late 1920s Poly(styrene-butadiene) Germany Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene) Germany Poly (vinyl chloride) Germany Polystyrene Germany polyethylene ICI 1938 Nylon Du pont 1941 Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948 Terylene ICI 1949 Epoxy resins Du pont 1955 polypropylene Montecatini 1956 LLDPE late 1970s Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering Microscale (10-3m) Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluids Mesoscale (10-3102m) Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymers Designing feedback control systems for bioreactors Macroscale (10m) Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plant Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutants Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recovery Course Course content Science and Math. Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer Instruction Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis, Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / Economics Other Engineering Electrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering Drawing Humanities and Social Science Understand the origins of ones own culture as well as that of others Unit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena? 1. density 2. viscosity 3. tube diameter 4. Reynolds 5. Eddies 6. laminar flow 7. turbulent flow 8. velocity fluctuations 9. solid surface 10. ideal fluids 11. viscosity 12. Prandtl 13. fluid dynamics Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow 6. membrane separation 7. crystallization 8. filtration 9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. Vaccum Unit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler 4. an overhead condenser 5. reflux 6. plates 7. packing 8. stripping section 9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch Sieve plate Bubble-cap plates Valve plates Cost 1 3 2 Capacity 3 1 2 Operating range 3 1 2 Efficiency same same Same Pressure drop 1 3 2 1 2 3 Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H+ or OH 15. regenerant 16. process flow rates 17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase 21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic 24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration 26. reverse osmosis (RO). Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube 8. multiple-effect evaporators 9. vacuum 10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product 17. non-condensable gas 18. barometric condenser Dryer type General features Application Tray dryers Batch operation, Close control of drying conditions and product inventory Drying valuable products Conveyor dryers Continuous circulation, High drying rates, Good product-quality, High thermal efficiencies, High initial and maintenance cost Drying materials that form a bed with an open structure Rotary dryer Continuous operation, High throughput, High thermal efficiency, Low capital cost and labor costs Non-uniform residence time, Dust generation, High noise levels Drying free-flow granular materials Fluidized bed dryers Continuous or batch operation, Rapid and uniform heat transfer, Short drying times, Good control of the drying conditions, Low floor area requirements; High power requirements Drying granular and crystalline materials Pneumatic dryers Short contact times, Low thermal efficiency Drying fine and heat sensitive materials Spray dryers Short contact times, Good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form, High heat requirements Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materials Rotary drum dryers An alternative choice to spray dryers Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering 1. design 2. optimization 3. control 4. unit operations (UO) 5. many disciplines 6. kinetics 7. thermodynamics, 8. fluid mechanics 9. microscopic 10. chemical reactions 11. more valuable products 12. harmless products 13. serves the needs 14. the chemical reactors 15. flowchart 16. necessarily 17. tail 18. each reaction 19. temperature and concentrations 20. linear Unit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling 1. optimization 2. mathematical equations 3. time 4. experiments 5. greater understanding 6. empirical approach 7. experimental design 8. differing process condition 9. control systems 10. feeding strategies 11. training and education 12. definition of problem 13. mathematical model 14. numerical methods 15. tabulated or graphical 16. experimental data 17. information 1. the preliminary economics 2. technological changes 3. pilot-plant data 4. process alternatives 5. trade-offs 6. Off-design 7. Feedstocks 8. optimize 9. plant operations 10. energy 11. bottlenecking 12. yield and throughput 13. Revamping 14. new catalyst Problem Unexpected results Possible cause Water as impurity Kill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalyst Steam leak Determination of explosive limits Explosions Narrower limits in small-scale equipment Storage of unstable materials Explosions and fires Lower heat removal rate in commercial units Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design 1. a flowsheet 2. control scheme 3. process manuals 4. profit 5. sustainable industrial activities 6. waste 7. health 8. safety 9. a reactor 10. tradeoffs 11. optimizations 12. hierarchy Unit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 1. the producing species 2. nutrient medium 3. fermentation step 4. biomass 5. biomass separation 6. drying agent 7. product 8. water 9. biological purification Materials areas Research activities Polymer Probe the microscale dynamics of macromolecules Develop improved processes, Create new materials Polymer Composites Microstructural reinforcement Advanced Ceramics Produce specific micro structures Application research Ceramic Composites Engi