英概论文(修改版).doc

分类号 密级 U D C 中国地质大学江城学院主要英语国家概况期末论文 America Focus on the Development of America Vehicles 焦距美国汽车发展史 姓 名： 熊达思 专 业： 英法双语 班 级： 41401001 学 号： 4140100111指导教师： 郭萍 原创性声明本人呈交的英语国家概况期末论文，是在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，所有数据、材料真实可靠。尽我所知，除文中已经标注引用的内容外，本论文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作权的内容。对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确的方式标明。本论文的知识产权归属于培养单位。 本人签名: 日期： ABSTRACT This paper will be in accordance with the history of the development of the world automobile and automobile, the history of briefly introduce you to the U.S. auto industrys past, present and future development. Sure you are all more or less to understand the development of the car. The first time in history, automobile exhibition in November 1900, in New York city at the time of Madison square garden held. From all previous car exhibition can see that the U.S. auto industry development history, also can see the U.S. auto industry the development of automobile modeling and function. Car since 1886 since birth, through 115 in the 21 st century. Automobile is the constant improvement and the continuous development of auto industry, changed the human life. The late nineteenth century, the American economy has reached a higher level, the industrial production start is a world leader, its steel and petrochemical industry development of the automotive industry created a condition. The first American car than Europes first car late 7 years. But compared with France, Germany, the United States is a large population, a large territory, the product is rich country. Car appeared, the six years the United States has 300 companies and individuals in the production of automobile experimentally, no bank investment, they in technology and organization are there are lots of problems. From the beginning of the twentieth century to now, the U.S. auto industry has more than 100 years of history, in the fierce competition in the market continuously innovation and development, the consumer to cater to the needs of the performance of the automobile modeling, rules the world car industry, the United States as the name matches the reality of car power, industrial superpower. From the beginning of the twentieth century to now, the U.S. auto industry has more than 100 years of history, in the fierce competition in the market continuously innovation and development, the consumer to cater to the needs of the performance of the automobile modeling, rules the world car industry, the United States as the name matches the reality of car power, industrial superpower. In this process, the American general motor company not only to become the worlds largest auto company, also become the worlds leading multinational group, hand in hand, ford and Daimler Chrysler in the United States and even worldwide way back. The steam is developing at a breathtaking speed of development in the global expansion, now has set up a file in the multinational multinational company set up and completing the global many car brand purchase. The steam is now using advanced operation mode:! )Mass customization 2 the modular design. ;3 the lean production further change. 4 purchasing electronic supplier and customer 5 supply chain closer. He also in positive innovation development new energy vehicle, we believe that the United States will not to car in more and more powerful.Keywords: Created Development Competition Success 摘 要本论文将依照美国汽车的发展史及世界汽车的发展史，简要向你介绍美国汽车工业的过去、现在和未来的发展状况。相信您一定都或多或少了解美国汽车的发展。美国历史上第一次汽车展览始于1900年11月,在纽约市当时的麦迪逊花园广场举行。从历次汽车展览可以看出美国汽车工业的发展历史,也可以看出美国汽车工业汽车造型及功能的发展。 汽车自1886年诞生以来，经历115年进入21世纪。汽车的不断改进和汽车工业的不断发展，大大地改变了人类生活。美国第一辆汽车比欧洲的第一辆汽车晚了7年。但和法国、德国相比，美国是个人口众多、土地辽阔、物产丰富的大国。汽车一出现，6年内美国有300家公司和个人在试验性地生产汽车，没有银行投资，他们在技术上和组织上都存在大量问题。1908年威廉杜兰特首先将20多家产销汽车及汽车零件的公司合并为控股通用汽车公司，1919年通用汽车公司董事任命斯隆为总经理通用汽车公司在斯隆手中建成为现代化大公司，成为世界最大的汽车公司。它的经营方式曾经成为世界各大公司所遵循的榜样。从世纪初到现在，美国汽车工业已超过了100多年的历史,在与同行的激烈竞争中不断创新发展,迎合消费者对汽车造型的性能的需求，主宰了世界汽车工业，美国成为名副其实的汽车大国，工业大国。在这一过程中，美国通用汽车公司不仅成为世界最大的汽车公司，也成为世界上首屈一指的跨国集团，携手福特和戴姆勒克莱斯勒在美国甚至全球范围内独揽群雄。 美汽正以惊人的发展速度在全球扩张，到目前已在多国设立跨国公司，完成了对全球很多汽车品牌的收购。美汽现在正在采用先进的运营模式：!)大规模定制2模块化设计。;3精益生产不断深入化。4采购电子化 5供应链使供应商与客户关系更加密切。同时他也在积极创新开拓新能源汽车，我们相信美国汽车在没来一定会越来越强悍。 关键词：诞生 发展 竞争 腾飞 CONTENTS1 Introduction12 Birth Environment12.1 International Automobile Development Environment12.2 The Domestic Economic Environment22.3 The Domestic Political Environment22.4 the promotion from the revolution of science and technology33 The Primary Development of US Automobile33.1 The Social Necessity33.2 The International Competition44 The Climax of US Car55 The Crisis of US Automobile56 US Car Today66.1 GM66.2 Ford76.3 Daimler Chrysler group77 Conclusion8 II 1 IntroductionAmerican production car already in todays society everywhere, for everyone is no longer a stranger to the topic. American car development has a long history and rough experience. Americans for car is defined as the driving itself (not including human and animal), equipped with the driving control devices in the fixed orbit outside of the road or natural geographical transport goods or passengers or traction other vehicles of the vehicle. What the United States will rise? Why will only was born in the United States? His growth and experienced what rough experience? Next I will take you to seek the answers to these questions.2 Birth Environment2.1 International Automobile Development Environment2.1.1 Germans Invention of Internal Combustion and Car The 19 the century, bicycle industry and the carriage industry has very highly developed, and they for the invention of the automobile made preparations. The use of the steel tube structure, bicycle ball bearing, chain transmission, change gear, inflated tires, special machine tool and so on can be used in automobile, carriage body technology and body modeling also can be used for cars. 1886, a man named Mercedes of Germany in his development internal-combustion inner Mandela made the town the first three-wheeled vehicle. In the same year, another called Daimler of Germany in his development of the internal combustion engine in the world the first Stuttgart pretend quad bike. Mercedes and Daimler company merged in 1926, composition later Daimler company (and in 1998 composition Chrysler).2.1.2 French Sheets Small Batch Production The Germany 1886 technology develops very quickly, but the German had just become independent, unified national soon, economic strength as France. The French government for military need to build the road network, for the auto industry to create a good development conditions. Daimler invent, in the second year, the French P&L company bought it his license in 1887, organize production, in the 1890 s, the productions P&L tens of car. By 1904, the French have the car factory 350 this is, the annual output of 17000 cars. British Aston Martin company was one of them, in the body of the company in the workshop, it is still highly technical work on the sheet metal with hammer of the way to manufacture aluminum aluminum body sheet metal parts. In the 1980 s, the progress of auto industry has quickened.2.1.3 Western Europe japan develop cheap car Europe is home to the car, but European, Japanese cars by the popularity of the car and the popularization microscale-laboratory realization. Europe various auto companies will through the tiny car this consumption hotpots, development into a world-class large some company. Volkswagen company with the beadles in make money to buy Audi, has become a big company of complete class. The Japanese government from Western Europe in the practice of miniature car market to see for the car industry role, so will western companies to the government to promote voluntary behavior, released in 1956, light quad bike (miniature car) method: all in size, and displacement in accordance with the provisions on small cars, cars, trucks are van can enjoy tax cuts, reduce insurance premium, from bridge transition fee, simplify the drivers license, license plate formalities preferential.2.2 The Domestic Economic Environment From the central government has a high power began in 1789 to of the civil war, this is a agriculture accounts for main body status, manufacturing has development period, the civil war the development of the industrialization of the United States to determine the direction; The second stage is from the 19 th century after the civil war, in the period of rapid development of American manufacturing, become the first industrial power. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the American capitalist economy rapidly. The main reason is: the civil war of the north victory, for the domestic the development of capitalism has cleared the way, the homestead act was to the implementation of the western region is developed, and expand the domestic market; European large amounts of capital input, for the development of industry and agriculture provides capital; The United States is a trend of the capitalist countries, applied to the European advanced scientific technology and production experience; Foreign of immigration, and the emancipation of the slaves, providing the cheap labor; The United States is rich in natural resources, is rich in coal, iron, oil, and other important materials. In addition, this period to education and science and technology the great importance, vigorously developing education career, reward the scientific inventions. Since 1869, the United States began to implement Schweiz, train a large number of outstanding talent in science and engineering, and in the following decades, all kinds of important invention appear constantly. By 1890, the U.S. government has sent the patent to more than 40 proof copies. These advantages, the U.S. economy in the short term and is in the lead.2.3 The Domestic Political Environment Nineteenth-century America through the development of capitalism and the consolidation of the process, and in a few years time, become a remarkable capitalist powers. The basic characteristics of capitalism On the economy, private economy is given priority to, no government intervention or government intervention rarely. Politically, bourgeois parties in power, or the capitalism of the democratic political system.Basic characteristics , productivity high development and social rich, encourage a free market economy, the government meddling in the economy as less as possible.Two, commodity production development to a high stage to become a social production and the form of the common rule, labor into commodities.Three, capitalist production material possession, with Labor exploitation of the way of the working class, the production of purpose is to create profits (with Marxs expression: production purpose is to grab the surplus value created by workers).Four, to use the machine for the production features, with the capitalist production socialization of the contradiction between the private ownership of a capitalist society basic contradiction, the basic contradiction throughout the development of a capitalist always, it in the specific performance of individual economic organizations and the whole enterprise production of social production anarchic contradictions in the political performance for the bourgeoisie and proletariat of conflict. The development of capitalism through two stages-free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism.Five, and capital of the rule of the socialist relations of production form adapt, capitalism of all kinds of superstructure before by bourgeois replaced the superstructure, and produced the bourgeois state power, legal system and thought system, formed, including the capitalist mode of production and with it to adapt the superstructure of the social system.2.4 the promotion from the revolution of science and technology Third revolution of science and technology to the influence of American cars, the third revolution of science and technology but also promote the international economic pattern of adjustment. With the development of science and technology and world economic interdependence and contact is getting close, the science and technology competition in the international economic competition in the position are becoming increasingly important. Science and technology level of gap, further expand the developed countries with many developing countries economic gap. Therefore, the third revolution of science and technology to the United States brought great opportunities. The United States as a developed capitalist countries tend to composition multinational company, the most cheap place in raw material purchasing raw materials, to the Labor of the price is the lowest place processing products, and then sold to other global area, in order to get a maximum profit. In 1892, the American people in the United States has du invention carburetor the oldest car maker. In 1893, Henry? Ford invented the worlds first car cars powered by gasoline fuel after seven years, the car started mass production, people enter the age of the automobile. This car company MoBi ramos-horta was founded in 1887, this company in 1903 production of single cylinder engine Doctor Coupe is car in 917. Cadillac developed electric starter. In 1929, Cadillac developed synchronizer.3 The Primary Development of US Automobile3.1 The Social Necessity 1909 ford motor company production of the model T ford cars for automobile manufacturing a new era, can saying is the 20 th century America even is the world make cars become public transportation pioneer, because it is the worlds first production line for the assembly and into the car. The media was unanimously elected model T ford cars for the 20 th century most important car invention. Ford to use plenty mode of production, improve the model T car, at the same time, reduce the price, also so changed his way of life. In 1908, the worlds first major auto manufacturers general motors was set up. In the two large car company under cultivation, the cars performance to pretty diligence, sales day by day, 1916-1929. Automotive manufacturing in the mature period. More and more middle class have cars, and the modelling of car has become automobile manufacturing process of a big step. General motors was more to take the lead in art and color of the production department. In this period, rich popular car body make to order, namely first buy a car of mechanical components, and then another design customized body. Although many considered a classic car appearance is the product of this period, but the body is actually expensive and not make the actual. 1916 the first U.S. vehicle sales hit 1 million units in 1920, set up the car again beyond 2 million new milestone. In addition, at the time of the senior high prestige car maker Pierce Arrow car company from 1901 to 1938 in New York state in buffalo, New York production cars, the company is using aluminum alloy body early and equipped with dynamic braking. This time, the U.S. auto industry as consumer demand for has been able to produce eight cylinder engine sports car, can be up to 115 miles per hour. In 1925 the third largest car maker Chrysler was set up. In the American economy on the eve of the great depression in 1929, the American auto sales in excess of 5 million cars. However, the second world war to car maker into military vehicles and machinery manufacturing, automotive appearance, and no obvious evolution, almost no modelling the appearance of the jeep is completely is based on practical needs. Packard car companies were making seven winds of 100 miles of high performance Packard Speed-star cars, is considered as the representative of the luxury cars at that time. When the global markets have 15 manufacturers luxury car manufacturing, Pack rad accounted for 50% of the market. Franklin Sport Runabout car company from 1902 to 1934 in the state of New York Syracuse production car, and the engines use air cooling system.3.2 The International Competition 1980-2000 years, from the 80 s, the U.S. auto industry is almost impossible to parry the Japanese auto relentless offensive, Japans Honda and nissan, mitsubishi and Fuji companies have factories in the United States. The U.S. auto industry to compete with the Japanese cars, and the introduction of new model cars, is called the small box car (minivan) and the passenger light car every become the most by family favorite type, the car looks closer to ordinary cars, but the car increase can be placed the space of article, accounts for about a third of the carriage, driving while feeling also and ordinary cars similar. And the family car, two-door car, sports cars also pay attention to streamline design, a change in the recent 20 years of straight design. In the 90 s, the rig and the rest more, because many people in the United States like to have a cargo and cross-country function and can do transport, driving it on car. In 1960-1979, consumer abandon the bigger the beauty emphasize past automobile modeling, traditional and conservative cronyisma nd modelling, the beatles represented in the small cars is popular. Some reasonable price of small cars such as the Mustang and Corvette etc generally well received, small cars market began to grow4 The Climax of US Car 1964 Ford mustang sports car implemented in the revolution of small cars. Leopards E type car with delicate streamlined appearance win the consumers. This one. When the jaguar XKE car for the first time in 1961 years of New York international automobile exhibition appeared, immediately hit double a two-door convertible 150 miles per hour (240 kilometers), an