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非谓语动词非谓语动词的种类:不定式(to do)、动名词( doing)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(V-ed)不定式:表将来、表目的1. 表示将要发生的动作或即将要做的事。即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。如:I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 我预计他明天到达。I hope to catch an early train. 我希望赶上早班火车。2.表示同时发生的动作,即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。如:Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的?(say 与heard 几乎同时发生)3.表示一般情况,即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。不定式省略to的基本规律 一、使役动词后省略 to的情况在let, make, have 等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如:My mother wouldnt let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。I dont like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶,可是母亲强迫我喝。注意:当使役动词用于被动语态时,要补上在主动语态中省略的to 二、感觉动词后省略 to的情况see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如:I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。注意:1. 用于被动语态时,其后的不定式必须带to。如:The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。2. 类似地,动词look at和 listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带 to。如:We listened to the old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。3. 若不定式为完成式,通常应带to。如:I noticed her to have come .我注意到她了。 三、动词 help后省略 to的情况在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如:Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗?注意:在当help用于被动语态时,不定式前的to 不能省略。如:The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。 四、why(not)后省略 to的情况在why(not)?之后的不定式不能带to。如:Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去? Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师? 五、介词 except / but后省略to的情况用作介词except, but 宾语的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。其大致原则是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。 六、主语带 do表语省略 to的情况当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如:All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 七、并列不定式省略 to的情况当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时,通常只需在第一个不定式前用to,其余不定式前的to 可以省略。如:He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易,强迫人难。但是,如果两者有对比关系,则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如:To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。 九、省略不定式是否保留to在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号to。如:I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。注意:1.若被省略的不定式为to be短语,则通常应保留 to be。如:He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。2.有时省略不定式时,同时也可省略to。如:She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。动名词1. 与主要动作同时发生。如:My shoe laces keep coming undone. 我的鞋带老是松开。Try to imagine being on the moon. 设法想象你是在月球上。2.后于主要动作发生:当动名词用于 advise, suggest, insist on等动词后作宾语时,它所表示的动作常发生在主要动作之后。如:I advise waiting till proper time. 我建议等到适当时机。He insisted on seeing us home. 他一定要送我们回家。He suggested moving to the country. 他建议搬到乡下去。3.先于主要动作发生:当动名词用于 admit, deny, forget, regret, remember等动词后作宾语,表示的动作通常发生在主要动作之前。如:I admit breaking the window. 我承认窗子是我打破的。She denied seeing me. 她否认看见过我。Ill never forget meeting you that afternoon. 我永远不会忘记那天下午见到你的情况。4.视相关词的意义而定:当动名词用于介词 before, after, since之后作宾语时,动作的先后依介词before, after 的意义而定。如:Dont bathe immediately after eating. 不要吃饭后就游泳。She waited a little while before making up her mind. 她等一会儿才做出决定。5.表示泛指意义:当动名词表示泛指意义的动作或状态时,没有时间意义。如:Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。Its hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。句法功能1.用作主语Getting up early is a good habit. 早起是个好习惯。Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。由于直接将动名词置于句首作主语有时会显得“头重脚轻”,此是可用it作形式主语放在句首,而把真正的主语放在句末。如:Its nice seeing her again. 再次见到她很好。句首的it就是形式主语,真正的主语是后而把动名词seeing her again 和saying any more about it。2.用作表语Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Her hobby is growing roses. 她的爱好是种植玫瑰。The problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. 问题是了解消费者的需要。动名词和不定式均可用作主语和表语,两者的区别是:动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念,而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。3.用作宾语I dont mind being poor. 我对贫困不在乎。They kept talking about it. 他们一直在谈论此事。He suggested moving to the country. 他建议搬到乡下去。4.用作宾语补足语Can we call this serving mankind? 这能叫为人类服务吗?I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。5.用作定语We need a new working method. 我们需要一种新的工作方法。The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。现在分词的被动式当我们要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。该结构主要用于表示正在进行的被动动作。从意义上看,现在分词的被动式具备“现在进行时”和“被动语态”两个特点,即既具有进行的意味,同时又具有被动意味。如:The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。句中用作定语的being repaired 有两层意思:一是指图书馆“正在修建”,二是指图书馆是“被修建”,而不是自动地自己建。过去分词(1) 表示已经发生的动作即表示过去某时已发生的被动动作由于既有完成的意味,又有被动意味,符合过去分词的基本特征。如:The paintings stolen from the museum havent been found. 博物馆失窃的画仍未找到。根据句意可知,“画被盗”的事已经发生了,属于已经完成的过去动作;另一方面,“画”与“偷”之间显然是被动关系,即“画”是“被”偷了,所以它又具有被动意味。(2)表示经常性动作或泛指概念:过去分词有两个基本特点,一是表示被动,二是表示完成。但有时也有例外,比如下面的例子,虽然其中的过去分词也表示被动,但它们并不表示完成,而是表示经常性,或不表明具体的时间,带有泛指的意味:A letter sent by airmail should arrive sooner than the one sent by regular mail. 航空信应该比平信到得快。句中的两个过去分词sent均用作定语,修饰其前的a letter 和the one,虽然这里的sent 带有被动意味,但是它并不表示完成,而只是陈述一种情况,没有时间的先后关系。The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。(3)表示伴随状态,即表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作。如:Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来,他一言不发。He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。 小结用作定语的非谓语动词1. 不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来的动作。如:They have three tickets to spare. 他们多三张票。She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。2.分词作定语,单个的放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外),短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生,过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性;在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系,与过去分词是被动关系。She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。There are no places left to sit on the train. 火车上没有座位可坐了。There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。注:现在分词的完成式通常只作状语,而不能作定语。3.动名词作定语,只放在名词前,说明该名词的性能或用途,不表动作,被修饰的名词与-ing 形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。如:The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。4.to be done, being done, done 均可用作定语,且都表示被动意义,其区别在于:to be done 表示将来,being done 表示目前正在发生,done 表示过去已经发生。如:The house to be built next year is a cinema. 明年建的那座房子是家电影院。The house being built now is a cinema. 现在正在建的房子是家电影院。The house built last year is a cinema. 去年建的那座房子是家电影院。用作状语的非谓语动词1. 表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况,通常用现在分词或过去分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系,用现在分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系,用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。如:Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。2.表示目的,通常要用不定式;表目的的不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词之后,且常用于 in order to, so as to 结构。有时为了强调,可将不定式短语放到句首。如:We used the computer to save time. 我们用电脑节约时间。In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。注:不定式作状语只有表示目的时,才可以放到句首。3.表示原因,通常用分词短语,且多放在句首,有时也放在句末,多用逗号隔开。如:Being very weak, she couldnt move. 由于身体虚弱,她不能行动。Much discouraged, she came back home. 她很沮丧,回了家。注:在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后,可接不定式短语表示原因。如:Im very pleased to meet you. 会见你我很高兴。Im proud to be your friend. 当你的朋友我感到骄傲。4.表示结果,用不定式或现在分词均可,但有区别:不定式表结果,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示未曾预料到的,不定式前常加only,另外还用于tooto, enough to, never to, so / such as to 等固定结构中;现在分词表示结果,是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果 (同时发生) ,前面可加上thus。如:He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked. 他是那样傻,竟然没锁车。He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty. 他匆忙赶到那屋子里,发现已经空无一人。He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。“主表被”用法在某些情况下,虽然表示被动意思, 用的却是不定式的主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况:一、在某些固定句型中,动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。1)have(give, show, find )sth. to do在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.to do 与things 是动宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时,仍需要被动式。试比较:Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?(to do 是由you 发出的)Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗?(谁带不得而知)2)It(This, That)beaanadj. n. to do在这种句型中,不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如:This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。question与to answer 为动宾关系。to answer 可改为for me to answer。再如:It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。3)There be n. to do在此句型中,用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语,重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。例如:没有时间可以耽误。可译成:There is no time to lose(to be lost). 用to lose 可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁lost time 不明确。但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:a.There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do now. )现在没事干。b.There is nothing to be done. (We can do nothing now. )现在没办法了。a.There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)没有东西值得看。b.There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)看不见什么东西。 二、在某些“形容词不定式”的结构中,不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:1)n. beadj. to doThe job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。2)n. betooadj. to doThe thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。3)n. be adj. enough to doThe book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以买。 三、want/ need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needs repairing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)have+.结构用法归纳一、have+宾语+V-ing(1)使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事:He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。(2)说服或命令某人做某事:He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。二、have+宾语+V-ed(1)请(让)别人做某事:We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。Why dont you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发?(2)经历或遭遇某情况:He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。(3)完成或解决某事:He had 1000 yuan saved last year. 他去年存了1000元。Ive had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。三、have(give, show, find )sth. to do在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.to do 与things 是动宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时,仍需要被动式。试比较:Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?(to do 是由you 发出的)Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗?(谁带不得而知)情态动词概述:情态动词表示说话人的情感态度。它有一定的实在词义(如:能、会、可能、以前、最好、宁愿),只有谓语特性,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。中学阶段常见的情态动词:情态动词: can(could) may(might) must will(would) shall should ought to had better would rather need dare与情态动词相关的短语:be able to have to used to情态动词的固定谓语结构:情态动词+(不带to)动词不定式形式do例如:must + be donemust + be doingmust + have donemust + have been donemust + have been doing注意:ought (to)和used ( to)例外,动词不定式要带上”to”一、情态动词的用法:1can1)表示能力“能够,会”She can drive, but she cant ride a bicycle.Can you give me a lift to the station?2)表示对现在动作或状态进行主观的猜测“可能、会”,或表示惊异,怀疑,不相信等态度,主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。例如:He cant have a lot of money.Can it be that it was I, not he, who was mistaken?How can you be so careless!3)表示客观可能性“可能”,可用于肯定句As a human being, anyone can make a mistake.The temperature can fall to -60C that is 60C below freezing.4)表示允许“可以”,意思与may 相近,主要用在口语中Can I have a look at your copy of China Daily?This sort of thing cant go on .5)构成下列特殊句式:cannot /can never too 或 cannot enough越越好;非常One cannot be too careful.I cannot thank you enough.You cant praise him too highly.cannot help doing /cannot help but do /cannot but do 禁不住;不由得;不得不I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it.When a close friend dies, you cannot but feel sad.2. could1)表示能力,指的是过去时间In those days few workers could support their family .I couldnt follow the teacher in class.2)表示允许,指的是过去时间She asked whether she could take the books out of the reading-room.3)表示可能,可以指过去时间;也可以指现在时间,表示语气缓和I didnt think the story could be true.But you mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the bush either. You could start a fire.He looks young .He couldnt be over fifty .他看起来很年轻,他不可能超过五十岁.4)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法,指的是现在时间Could I see your license?I have a few friends. I could ring to see if theyre free .Can(could)与be able toCan (could)和be able to表示能力时意思上没有区别.但can 只有现在式和过去式,而be able to 则有更多的形式.No one is able to do it. = No one can do it.Will you be able to come tonight?Im sorry I havent been able to answer your letter.She said she had not been able to come earlier.但是,在表示成功地完成某一具体动作时用be able to 来表示。这时,be able to相当于managed to 或succeeded in doing ,表示经过一番努力,终于能够。例如:people + Were able to escape + into the street .people + Managed to escape + into the street .people + succeed in escaping + into the street .3May1)表示许诺“可以”或询问、说明一件事。注意:回答may 引起的问句时,否定形式用must not (禁止),had better not (最好别)。May I trouble you with a question?Could I call you by your first name ?Yes, you may. /No, you mustnt. /No, youd better not.2).表示表示主观的推测“或许”,通常用在肯定句和否定句中。例如:He may be very busy now.He may not be at home.注意:表示可能性时,cant 语气强表示“不可能”;may not 语气弱,表示“可能不(或许)”。4might1)表示可以做的事,指的是过去时间He asked if he might look through my album.2)表示口气比较婉转客气,指的是现在时间Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?I wonder if I might borrow some coffee.3)表示可能发生的事,可以指过去时间;也可以指现在时间,但表示语气更加不肯定She was afraid they might not like the idea.They might have a lot of work to do now but Im not sure.5must1)表示必须要做的事,否定表示“禁止”We mustnt move someone if they are badly hurt. 如果一个人受了重伤,你一定不要挪动他。注意:在回答由must 引起的问句时,如果是否定回答,不能用mustnt ,而要用neednt 或dont have to ,因为mustnt 是“不准、禁止”的意思。- Must we send in our plan this week? -Yes ,you must .。-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to .2)表示猜测,意为“想必,准是,一定”,只用于肯定句中This must be your room.Look at his new car. He must have a lot of money.3)表示讨厌情绪“偏偏”I am sleeping when you must turn your radio on.注意:have to 表示“必须”,“不得不”,在这个意义上与must 很接近,但must 表示的是说话人的主观看法,而 have to表示的却是客观需要。另外,have to比must 有更多的形式。You must be back by ten.(命令或叮嘱)You have to be back by ten. (客观需要)We had to go home on foot. 我们不得不走回家。6should 和 ought to “应该”1)表示应该做的事,should 和 ought to 一般可以通用。但ought to 语气更强些,强调“有责任,有义务做”或“按道理应该如何”;should 含有“劝告、建议”的语气,即“按我的想法应该如何”。试比较- Ill start the work tomorrow .我明天开始这工作。-think you should start at once./ No, you ought to start at once. 不行,你得立即开始。2)表示推测,意为“想必一定,照说应该,估计”。should 和 ought to 在这一意义上含义比must 弱。试比较Mr. Black must be home by now.(肯定)Mr. Black ought to (should) be home by now.(不能肯定)7shall1) 用于第一、三人称,构成疑问句,表示征求对方意见或请求指示Shall I open the window?Shall the boy wait outside?2)用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,表示“命令、警告、威胁、强制、允诺、决心”You shall do as I say.(命令)Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.(允诺)If you children dont do as I tell you, you shall not go to the party .(威胁)You shall be sorry for what you did. 对你的所作所为你会感到后悔的。(警告)Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan. 什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。(决心)8will1)表示“意志,意愿”,可用于多种人称I will do anything for our soldiers.If you will read the book, I will lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。注意:从句中的will 是情态动词 ,表示“意愿”;主句中的will 是助动词,帮助构成将来时。2)will 在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求Will you open the door for me, please?Pass me the glass, will you? 递给我杯子,好吗?有时,这种句子也可以是wont you have a little more rice ?3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作,意为“总是会,老是,就是”;否定结构意为“不肯、不能”。这种用法并不指将来时间,因此,不能与表示将来时间的状语连用Some birds will fly south when winter comes.Boys will be boys. They are always naughty.Whats the matter with the door? It wont lock.9would1) 是will 的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志、意愿”,可用于多种人称They said that they would help us.2)would 指的是现在时间,表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求,语气比will 婉转。也可表示委婉地提出看法、请求、建议等I would like to have a try. 我想试试。Would you like me to carry it for you? 我帮你拿这个好吗?3)表示反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向He told me the box wouldnt open . 他告诉我盒子就是打不开。10 .used to在肯定句中,used to 表示过去(曾经)的动作或状态,现在“已不”.I used to get along very well with my cousin and we used to be very good friends.Did you use to go to the same school?I didnt use to smoke.John used to be a policeman, didnt he?Did you use to take a walk in the morning?used to 常用来表示表示已不复存在的过去的习惯,侧重与现在的对比,而would用来表示过去反复发生的动作。He would go to that bookstore when he was at college. 他在上大学时经常去那个书店。11 needneed 作为情态动词,主要用于否定句,疑问句中。在肯定句中一般为行为动词Need he do it all at once? 他需要马上做这件事吗?Why need you go today? 为什么你今天需要去?I wonder if I need bring my computer .我想知道我是否需要带上电脑。注意:回答由need 引起的问句时,肯定回答一般用must ,否定回答时用neednt.-Need I give you the book?-Yes ,you must .-No ,you neednt .need 用作及物动词,和不定式连用,可用于各种结构。Does he need to know it?The question needs to be discussed .这问题需要讨论。12. dare (dared )dare及其过去式dared 作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。Dare you go home alone?She dare not say what she thinks.除了在I dare say 这种习惯用语中,dare 在肯定结构中用作情态动词的情形是很少的。I dare say my uncle will do that.dare 还可以作及物动词,跟不定式,用于各种结构。否定句中to 可以省略。We must dare to act.I did not dare (to )look up .我不敢抬头看。二、情态动词的完成式(表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气)1、must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测My pen must have apparent the moment I walked into the room.2、cant / couldnt have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测Mary cant have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.3、may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定的推测A potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been caused by an electrician.4、neednt have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于“didnt need to do” As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally.5、should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做I should have planned everything ahead carefully.6、could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做You could have phrased it more tactfully7、may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.三、其他情态动词must ,can/could ,may /might 表推测句子的反义问句的构成。要先将情态动词去掉按照常规句子的方式进行变换。例如:He must be working in the office now, isnt he?Tom may have missed the bus again, hasnt he?Jack cant have arrived this morning, did he?如果是祈使句,则都变成 will sb? 虚拟语气一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气1.

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