四级六级时态语态.doc

时态语态（一）时态1、主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虚拟语气完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing/2、被动形式 过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are givenWill / shall be givenshould/would be given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成进行/ CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去用一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成1、现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. Ive been writing letters for an hour. 2、过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.4、将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.时态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：(1)表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)；(5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。He saw somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：（确定要发生的事）(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图； (2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作； (3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如：Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：If you want your film to be properly processed, youll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.(7)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。 It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen/before句型中，主句常用过去完成时。(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.（二）语态1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report ,suppose,understand等。 It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. = The ship is supposed to have been sunk.2、但当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。 Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态1）双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。 He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.2） 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。1.In his plays Shakespeare _ his characters live through their language. A. would make B. had made C. made D. makes2.The committee has anticipated the problems that _ in the road construction project. A. arise B. will arise C. arose D. have arisen3.To his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it. A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown4.The student said there were a few points in the essay he _ impossible to comprehend. A. had found B. finds C. has found D. would find5. Jack _ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed6.All the Presidents Men _ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. A. remain B. remains C. remained D. is remaining7.He would have finished his college education, but he _ to quit and find a job to support his family. A. had had B. has C. had D. would have8.The research