药学专业英语完整翻译.doc

l symptomolytic 消除症状的 l neurotransmitter神经递质l Oosperm 受精卵 l prostaglandin 前列腺素 l polyethylene 聚乙烯 l octadecyl 十八(烷)基 l osteoarthritis骨关节炎l dyspepsia 消化不良 l pathophysiology 病理生理学 l osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 l hydrophilic 亲水的l urokinase尿激酶l trachoma沙眼 l dysfunction功能紊乱 l mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖(类) streptomycin 链霉素l pathophysiology 病理生理学 l otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学 l phlebostenosis 静脉狭窄 l nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油 l pyrogen 热原,致热物 l pseudocholinesterase拟(或假)胆碱酯酶l thioether 硫醚 l somatotype体型l uricemia 尿酸血症 l hysteroscopy子宫镜检查l chemoprophylaxis 化学预防 l antipsychotic抗精神病的（药） l nephroangiosclerosis 肾血管硬化 l bacteriostatic 抑菌的 l parasympathomimetic拟副交感神经的(药) l adrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素l diuretic 利尿的(药) l vagosympathetic迷走交感神经的l alkaloid生物碱 l teratogenesis 致畸作用l polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎 l tetanotoxin 破伤风毒素 l myotonia肌强直 l hyperlipemia高脂血症 l bronchiectasis支气管扩张 l oxidoreductase氧化还原酶 l oncology 肿瘤学 l euthanasia 安乐死 l Myocardial 心肌的 l ophthalmoxerosis 干眼病 l Vaginomycosis 阴道霉菌病l encephalorrhagia 脑出血 l electrophilicity 亲电性 l Mitochondria 线粒体 l Stereochemistry 立体化学l Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少 l streptokinase 链激酶 l superinfection 二重感染，重复感染l osteomyelitis 骨髓炎 l macromolecular 大分子的l Menopause 更年期; 绝经l Vasodilation 血管舒张 l Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞l phytopharmacology 植物药理学 l protoplasm 原生质l schizophrenia 精神分裂症 l Hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂 l Fluorospectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法 l bradypnea 呼吸缓慢l Diarrhea 腹泻，痢疾 l Pharmacodynamics药效学 and pharmacokinetics药动学 is the two main areas of pharmacology药理学. The former studies the the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter studies the effects of biological systems on the drugs. When describing the pharmacokinetics properties of a drug, pharmacologists药理学家 are often interested in LADME:l Liberationl Absorptionl Distribution l Metabolisml Excretionl 药效学和药代动力学是药理学的两个主要领域。前者研究药物对生物系统的影响，后者研究生物系统对药物的影响。在描述药物的药代动力学性质的时候，药理学家往往对药物的释放，吸收，分布，代谢，排泄感兴趣。ll High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), sometimes called high-performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱法 , is a separation分离 technique based on a immobilized 固定的 stationary phase固定相 and a liquid mobile phase流动相. Separations are achieved by partition分配, adsorption吸附, ionexchange离子交换 or size-exclusion分子排阻 processes, depending upon the type of stationary phase used. HPLC has distinct advantages over gas chromatography for the analysis of organic compounds. Compounds to be analyzed are dissolved in 溶解an organic liquid, and most separations take place at room temperature. l 高压液相色谱法（HPLC），有时也被称为高效液相色谱法，是基于一个固定的固定相和液体流动相的分离技术。分离是通过分配，吸附，离子交换或分子排阻的过程实现的，取决于所使用的固定相的类型。高效液相色谱法对有机化合物的气相色谱分析有明显的优势。被分析的化合物溶解在有机液体中，并且大多数的分离发生在室温下。l Ion-exchange chromatography离子交换色谱法 is used to separate water-soluble, ionizable compounds of molecular weight less than 1500. the stationary phases are usually synthetic organic resins合成有机树脂: cationexchange resins 阳离子交换树脂 contain negatively charged带负电荷的 active sites 活性位点and are used to separate分离 basic 碱性的substances such as amines胺类 , while anionexchange resins阴离子交换树脂 have positively charged带正电荷的 active sites for separation of compounds with negatively charged groups, such as phosphate磷酸盐 , sulfonate磺酸盐 , or carboxylate羧酸盐 groups. l 离子交换色谱法被用来分离水溶性的，可电离的，分子量小于1500的化合物。固定相通常是合成有机树脂：阳离子交换树脂包含用于分离碱性物质如胺的带负电荷的活性位点，而阴离子交换树脂具有带正电荷分离化合物的活性位点与带负电荷的基团，如磷酸盐，磺酸盐，或羧酸盐基团。ll l In sizeexclusion chromatography分子排阻色谱法 , columns are packed with a porous stationary phase多孔固定相. Molecules of the compounds being chromatographed用色谱法分析 are filtered过滤 according to size. Those too large to enter the pores pass unretained 不被保留 through the column. Smaller molecules enter the pores and are increasingly retained as molecular size decreases. These columns are typically used to measure aggregation聚合 and degradation降解 of large molecules.l 在分子排阻色谱法中，色谱柱填充有多孔性固定相。化合物用色谱法分析按分子大小筛选。那些太大而而不能进入色谱柱毛孔的不会被保留。更小的分子进入毛细孔，随着分子尺寸的减小渐渐保留。这些色谱柱通常用于测量大分子的聚合和降解。l mammo-乳房,乳腺 breast, mammary glandl mammoplasia乳腺增生l mammary gland hyperplasia 乳腺增生l The occurrence of mammoplasia is related with age, lactation哺乳 , endocrine内分泌 and emotion etc.乳腺增生病的发生与年龄，哺乳期，内分泌和情绪等有关。l Breast pain, mammary gland hyperplasia, its main reason is endocrine disorders.乳腺痛，乳腺增生，其主要原因是内分泌失调。l Disease of mammoplasia is a kind of common disease, frequently-occurring disease.乳腺增生病是一种常见病，多发病。Long-term intake of hormone will probably result in mammoplasia and even ovarian cyst卵巢囊肿 in women.l 激素长期服用可能会导致女性乳房发育甚至卵巢囊肿。l reno-,reni-,ren-肾 l Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统 plays a role in target organ injuries such as atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化, left ventricular hypertrophy左心室 肥大, heart failure心衰 and renal failure肾衰. Pressure overload压力负荷 can lead to the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and then left ventricular remodeling重构 occurs. Captopril卡托普利 can reverse 逆转this progress.肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）是靶器官损害的重要因素，如动脉粥样硬化，左心室肥厚，心脏衰竭和肾功能衰竭。压力超负荷可导致肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活，然后左心室发生重构。卡托普利能扭转这一进程。l oligo-,olig-少,缺少,寡,低l oligonucleotide 寡核苷酸 short chain nucleotide核苷酸 below 20 bases碱基l oligopeptide 寡肽,低聚肽 (2-6 AA：amino acid氨基酸)l oligosaccharide 低聚糖,寡糖 An oligosaccharide contains 2 to 20 sugar units joined by glycosidic bonds糖苷键 . l prostato-,prostat-前列腺 prostaglandin,PG 前列腺素 prostacyclin,PGI2 前列环素 l l Prostacyclin（ PGI2 ）, thromboxane血栓素 antagonist拮抗剂, is a powerful vasodilator血管舒张剂 and inhibits platelet aggregation血小板聚集 , so it can prevent the thrombosis血栓形成 .l superoxide 超氧化物l superoxide dismutase (SOD) 超氧化物歧化酶l Phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰胆碱，卵磷脂 (PC) could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart and brain tissues, decreased the content of lipid peroxide脂质过氧化物 (LPO) and lipofuscin脂褐质. l 能提高在心脏和脑组织的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性，降低过氧化脂质（LPO）和脂褐素的含量。l Nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应usually occurs on the positively charged带正电荷的 or part of a positively charged carbon which is attacked and substituted 被取代by negatively charged or part of a negatively charged nucleophile亲核试剂 .l 亲核取代通常发生在带正电荷的或部分正电荷的碳上，这些碳被带负电荷的或带负电荷的亲核取代l l Organic food有机食品 does not contain artificial food additives人工食品添加剂 and preservatives防腐剂 like hydrogenated fats氢化油, phosphoric acid磷酸, aspartame阿司帕坦and monosodium glutamate谷氨酸一钠. l 有机食品不包含人工食品添加剂和防腐剂如氢化油，磷酸，阿司帕坦和谷氨酸一钠. l penicilli-,penicill-青霉（素） penicillinlll The penicilins are classified as - lactam内酰胺 drugs because of their unique four-membered 四元 lactam ring. They share features of chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacologic and clinical effects, and immunologic characteristics with cephalosporins头孢菌素 . All penicilins have the basic structure - a thiazolidine ring噻唑烷环 (A) is attached to a - lactam ring (B) that carries a secondary amino仲胺 group (RNH-). Structural integrity of the 6-APA nucleus 母核is essential for the biologic activity of these compounds . Penicilins, like all - lactam antibiotics, inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with a specific step in bacterial cell wall synthesis.青霉素属于-内酰胺类药物，是因为其独特的四元环内酰胺环。它与头孢菌素有共同的化学特点，作用机制，药理学性质，临床疗效和免疫学特性。所有青霉素类都有四氢噻唑环的基本结构，它是连接到一个含有仲胺基团的-内酰胺环（B）。6-APA母核是这种化合物的生物活性必不可少的。青霉素，像所有的-内酰胺类抗生素一样，通过干扰细菌细胞壁的合成这一具体步骤来抑制细菌的生长。l phospholipid 磷脂 phosphatidyl 磷脂酰l Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) 卵磷脂 Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) 脑磷脂 ll Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) and Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) are important sorts of phospholipids, being widely used in the field of food, pharmacy and so on.l卵磷脂 （PC）， 脑磷脂（PE）是两种重要的磷脂，被广泛用于食品，制药等。l Vardenafil伐地那非 is a novel, potent and highly selective phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶 type 5 inhibitor with a potency效能 about 10-fold higher than sildenafil西地那非 which is the first line therapy for the broad erectile dysfunction勃起功能障碍 population.l伐地那非是一个新的，强大的和高选择性的5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂，效能高于西地那非10倍，是广泛使用的一线治疗勃起功能障碍人群的药物。l Cefradine头孢拉定 was identified鉴别 by infrared spectrophotometry红外分光光度法 , HPLC高效液相色谱法 or thin-layer chromaography薄层色谱法 (TLC), and the contents含量 of cefradine and its polymers聚合物 were determinated测定 by HPLC and size-exclusion chromatography分子排阻色谱 , respectively分别地 according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia 中国药典2010 edition版本 . l ribo-,rib-核糖 ribosel deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧(核糖)核苷酸l DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸 DNA is a long-chain deoxyribonucleotide polymer聚合物 that is the primary genetic material of all cells. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections突出 of purines嘌呤 (adenine腺嘌呤 and guanine鸟嘌呤 ) and pyrimidines嘧啶 (thymine胸腺嘧啶 and cytosine胞嘧啶 ), forms a double helix双螺旋 that is held together by hydrogen bonds氢键 between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).DNA是脱氧核苷酸长链高分子聚合物，它是主要的细胞遗传物质。DNA，组成f在polysugar -磷酸possessing backbone of浆（腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的投影）和嘧啶（胸腺嘧啶和胞嘧啶），形成双螺旋that is held together by and betweenthese浆氢债券嘧啶（胸腺嘧啶和胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤腺嘌呤to to）。l deoxyribonucleotide gene DNA chromosomel Chromosome染色体 is the main carrier of DNA.l There is a DNA in a chromosome.l DNA + protein chromosomel DNA is the primary genetic material.l There are many genes in a DNA.l Gene is the segment 片段of DNA which carries携带 information.l A gene consists of numerous deoxyribonucleotide.l 一个由许多基因组成的脱氧核苷酸。l Deoxyribonucleotide sequence脱氧核糖核苷酸序列 in gene stands for genetic information.l Genetic information遗传信息 contains in 4 kinds of basic sequences碱基序列. l schizo-,schiz-裂,分裂 l schizophrenia 精神分裂症 antipsychotics抗精神病药 l Atypical antipsychotics非典型抗精神病药物 such as olanzapine奥氮平 , risperidone利培酮 , quetiapine奎硫平 have generally been accepted now as first choice 首选for the treatment治疗 of schizophrenia.l sept,septic-腐(败)l Staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌 can cause a range of illnesses from minor 轻微的skin infections皮肤感染 to life-threatening威胁生命的 diseases, such as pneumonia肺炎, endocarditis心内膜炎 and sepsis败血症 .l syphilo-梅毒 syphilis 梅毒 First-choice drug: Penicillinl TP- Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体 Jarisch-Herxheimer(J-H) reaction 吉海反应 l Symptoms: shiver颤抖 , high fever高热, headache, muscle and skeleton pain, skin flush潮红, nausea恶心, palpitation心悸, hidrosis盗汗, etc. l Syphilis is a chronic慢性的 infectious 传染的disease of great harmfulness caused by Treponema pallidum, mainly spread through sexual contact性接触 and blood. 梅毒是一种危害性极大的慢性传染病由梅毒螺旋体引起的，主要通过性接触和血液传播。 l -tensin升压素,紧张素 angiotensinogen 血管紧张素原 l angiotensin 血管紧张素 l Renin 肾素 acts upon angiotensinogen to split off分裂 the inactive precursor 无活性的前体decapeptide十肽 angiotensin. Angiotensinis then converted, primarily by endothelial 内皮的ACE, to the arterial vasoconstrictor血管收缩剂 octapeptide八肽 angiotensin, which is in turn converted in the adrenal gland肾上腺 to angiotensin . Angiotensin has vasoconstrictor and sodium-retaining 保钠activity. Angiotensin and angiotensin both stimulate促进 aldosterone醛固酮 release.肾素-血管紧张素原作用于分裂无活性的前体十肽血管紧张素。然后血管紧张素被转换，主要由内皮ACE转换成动脉血管收缩剂八肽血管紧张素，这反过来转换肾上腺血管紧张素。血管紧张素有血管收缩性和钠保留活性。血管紧张素和血管紧张素刺激醛固酮释放。l Inhibitors of angiotensin血管紧张素l抑制剂l (1) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂l Drugs such as captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, fosinopril, etc.药物如卡托普利，依那普利，赖诺普利，福辛普利，等l (2) Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents血管紧张素受体阻断剂-blockers of the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor，血管紧张素1型（AT1）受体阻断剂l Drugs such as losartan, valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, and telmisartan.药物如氯沙坦，缬沙坦，坎地沙坦，依普沙坦，厄贝沙坦，替米沙坦。l The blockers阻断剂 of AT1 receptor have no effect on bradykinin缓激肽 metabolism新陈代谢 and are therefore more selective选择性的 blockers of angiotensin effects than ACEI. 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂的影响l tuberculo-,tubercul-结核 tuberculosis 结核病l uberculosis a chronic 慢性的infectious diseases caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis结核分支杆菌 infection. l Common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis肺结核 are a chronic cough 慢性咳嗽with blood-tinged sputum带血痰 , fever, night sweats夜间盗汗 and weight loss.l l Diarrhoeal腹泻的 disease is a leading cause of child mortality死亡率and morbidity发病率 in the world, and mostly results from contaminated污染的 food and water sources. l typho-,typh-伤寒;斑疹伤寒 typhoid 似斑疹伤寒的;伤寒l Typhoid is an acute infectious diseases急性传染性疾病 of digestive tract 消化道caused by typhoid bacillus 杆菌 ( Salmonella typhi伤寒沙门氏菌 ).l l Anemia贫血 is not related with iron metabolism in vivo体内 in patients who has urinemia尿毒症 , the main reason is lacking of erythropoietin促红细胞生成素 .l ventro-,ventri-,ventr-腹,腹侧,前侧 abdomin-; laparo-; gastero-腹l laparoscopy; abdominoscopy 腹腔镜检查l Laparoscopy can check for certain conditions, such as endometriosis腹腔镜检查有一定的条件，如子宫内膜异位, adhesions粘连 , fibroids子宫肌瘤 , ovarian cysts卵巢囊肿 and ectopic pregnancy子宫外孕. l verti-,vert-,vers-转,旋转 vertigo 眩晕 giddiness, dizzinessl Disorders of the vestibular system前庭系统 of the inner ear内耳 can cause vertigo and shaky摇晃的 , blurred vision视力模糊 .l viro-,viru-,vir-病毒,毒 virus viral vector 病毒载体 retrovirus 逆转录病毒 lentivirus慢病毒 adenovirus 腺病毒Retroviruses are small RNA viruses that can infect and replicate exclusively逆转录病毒是专门的小RNA病毒仅仅可以感染和复制的 within dividing分裂的 cells and are capable of能够 integrating整合 their genome基因组 into the host cell 宿主细胞DNA.l The lentiviruses are a subset of retroviruses that can infect dividing and nondividing cells. 慢病毒是逆转录病毒，可以感染分裂和不发生分裂的细胞的一个子集l Adenoviruses are macromolecular大分子的, non-enveloped 无包膜, double-stranded双链的, linear DNA viruses that enter into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis受体介导的胞吞 , replicate independently of host cell division.独立复制的宿主细胞分裂l viscero,viscer-内脏 internal organs visceroptosis 内脏下垂（ptosis下垂）l Some gastroptosis胃下垂 patients have amalgamative合并的 other internal organs内脏 prolapse下垂such as nephroptosis肾下垂, hepatoptosis肝下垂, splenoptosis脾下垂etc.l volumo-,volu-,volumeno-容量,容积 volume volumetry 容量分析法 volumetric analysisl volumetric容量法的,体积的,容积的 l Volumetry is also known as titrimetry滴定分析法 (titrimetric analysis) which is a kind of important quantitative analysis定量分析 . l xantho-,xanth-黄,黄色 yellow xanthic, xanthous 黄色的 l xanthine 黄嘌呤 xanthine alkaloids hypoxanthine 次黄嘌呤l Colchicine is used to treat acute gout attacks. Drugs such as allopurinol inhibit uric acid synthesis. l 秋水仙碱用于治疗急性痛风发作。异嘌呤醇等药物抑制尿酸合成。l xylo-,xyl-木 wood xylitol木糖醇(-itol糖醇)l Xylitol is a sweetener甜味剂 and as sweet as sugar.l It can prevent tooth decay龋齿 , improve liver function and reduce weight.改善肝功能、减轻体重。l Unlike most sugar molecules which are based o