四级考试语法结构测试重点.doc

四级考试语法结构测试重点-(特殊)倒装结构 英语句子结构中有两种语序：一种是自然语序（Natural Word-order），与汉语是一致的，即“主语谓语”，另外一种是倒装语序（Inverted Word-order），即把谓语动词的全部或一部分置于主语之前，或把宾语、表语置于主语之前。倒装句（Inversion）有两种情况：一种是普通的倒装句疑问句，这种倒装句是由把助动词或动词的一部分置于主语之前构成；另一种是特殊的倒装句，这种倒装句比较复杂，有一定的词语和句型的要求，即某些含有否定意义的词语或词组放在句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构。特殊的倒装句有两种形式：一种是将助动词或情态动词置于主语之前，没有助动词则需要加do，does或 did，这种倒装句称为“不完全倒装”或“部分倒装”（Partial Inversion）；另一种是将整个谓语部分放在主语之前，不用助动词，这种倒装句称为“完全倒装”（Full Inversion）。 倒装句是英语语法中的重点，也是英语学习中的难点。在各类英语考试中，都会出现特殊的倒装结构这类语法项目，因此需要逐一学习、记忆并掌握它们的要求和用法。下面就这种特殊的倒装结构这一语法项目常见的情况例释如下，以引起参加各种英语考试的同学的重视： 一、含有否定意义的副词或副词短语引起的倒装 某些表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类副词或副词短语有：never，seldom ， rarely，no soonerthan，hardlyscarcely barelywhen，no，little，nowhere，not， hardly，no longer， not until，not onlybut also等等。 1、never，rarely，seldom位于句首，用于进行“比较”，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Never before that night _ the extent of my own power A）had I felt C）did I feel B）I felt D）I had felt （CET-4，19886-61，选A） 2）_ so many people in the US been out of work as today A）More than ever before have B）Formerly，there never were C）Never before have D）In the past，there never have （CET-4，19946-53，选C） 2、no sooner than，hardly scarcely barely when位于句首，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）_ his eyes when she told him that it was time for them to clean A）Hardly had he opened B）No sooner did he open C）Scarcely did he open D）He had no sooner opened （CET-4，19946-59，选A） 2）_ she realized it was too late to go home A）No sooner it grew dark than B）Hardly did it grow dark that C）Scarcely had it grown dark when D）It was until dark that （CET-4，20001-61，选C） 3、在由neither，nor开头、引导的表示“前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）”的句子中，要求用倒装结构，neither，nor为“否定的附和”。例如： 1）The customer complained that the dining table had not been delivered yet，_ A）and neither had the chairs B）and the chairs werent either C）and not the chairs either D）and neither the chairs had been （CET-4，19946-46，选A） 2）I could not persuade him to accept it， _ make him see the importance of it A）if only I could not B）no more than I could C）or I could not D）nor could I （CET-4，19951-42，选D） 3）The organization had broken no rules， but _ had it acted responsibly A）neither B）so C）either D）both （CET-4，19961-33，选A） 但是，neither用作主语或主语的一部分时，不用倒装结构。例如： 4）_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing A）None B）Either C）Both D）Neither （CET-4，19941-52，选D） 5）Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _ A）has been accepted B）have been accepted C）was accepted D）were accepted （CET-4，19981-33，选C） 4、含有not until的强调句，如果not until位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构，如果是主从复合句，倒装结构出现在主句中。例如： 1）Not until the game had begun _ at the sports ground A）had he arrived B）would he have arrived C）did he arrive D）should he have arrived （CET-4，20006-23，选C） 2）Not until then did he come to realize the seriousness of the situation 5、其他表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources 2）Nowhere has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in this country 6、含有“no”、表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类介词短语有：at no point（决不），at no time，by no means，in no case，in no circumstances，in no sense，in no shape，in no way，in no wise， on no account，on no consideration，under no circumstances，in no time（立刻），in vain（徒劳），not once，still less等等。例如： 1）We have been told that under no circumstances_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs A）may we use B）we may use C）we could use D）did we use （CET-4，19996-60，选A） 2）At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interest first 二、其他副词引起的倒装 在以下列副词及连接词开头的句子中，要求用倒装结构。常见的副词有：only，so， here，there，now，often，then，down，out， in，up，hence，thus，well，off，away，twice， gladly，many a time等等。 1、在由only开头的句子中，only后面紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Only by shouting at the top of his voice_ A）he was able to make himself hear B）he was able to make himself heard C）was he able to make himself hear D）was he able to make himself heard （CET-4，19891-50，选D） 2）Only under special circumstances _ to take make-up tests A）are freshmen permitted B）freshmen are permitted C）permitted are freshmen D）are permitted freshmen （CET-4，19976-43，选A） 如果only在句首，但是only后面没有紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，则不用倒装结构。 2、在由so开头、引导的表示“前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）”的句子中，要求用倒装结构，so为“肯定的附和”。例如： John had been working hard and_ A）so had his brother B）so his brother had C）so was his brother D）so his brother did （CET-4，19911-70，选A） 3、由there引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）The door opened and there entered a young man in a blue uniform 2）There used to be a hospital in the corner 4、由there或now引起的句子、谓语为 come（go）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）There comes the bus 2）Now comes your turn 5、由here引起的句子、谓语为be的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Here are some good newly-published novels 2）Here is Chinas largest tropical forest 但是，如果主语是人称代词时，由here和 there引出的句子也不用倒装结构。例如： 1）Here we are 2）Here you are 6、由then引起的句子、谓语为come（follow）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Then come wind，hail and frost 2）Then came a new difficulty 7、由often引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： Often did we warn them not to do so 三、虚拟条件状语从句中的倒装 1、在含有were，had，should的虚拟条件状语中，如果省略了连接词if，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）_ right now，she would get there on Sunday A）Would she leave B）If she leaves C）Were she to leave D）If she had left （CET-4，19966-42，选C） 2）_ before we depart the day after tomorrow，we should have a wonderful dinner party A）Had they arrived B）Would they arrive C）Were they arriving D）Were they to arrive （CET-4，19971-34，选D） 3）Had he worked harder，he _ the exams A）must have got through B）would have got through C）would get through D）could get through （CET-4，19976-42，选B） 2、在表示祝愿的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。常常将助动词提前或直接将谓语动词置于主语前面，表示祝愿。例如： 1）May this book in a small way help to improve your English 2）Long live friendship！ 四、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句中的倒装 1、在某些让步状语从句中，通常要求用倒装句，由as引起的情况较多；由as引出的让步状语从句主要有以下三种句型结构： 句型一：adjV-ed分词nasS be main clause。例如： _ as it was at such a time，his work attracted much attention A）Being published B）Published C）Publishing D）To be published （CET-4，19961-26，选B） 句型二：advasSvmain clause。例如： _ ，he does get annoyed with her sometimes A）Although much he likes her B）Much although he likes her C）As he likes her much D）Much as he likes her （CET-4，20006-49，选D） 句型三：vasSmodvauxv main clause。例如： Ask as we would，he pretended to know nothing about it Object as you may，well go on our jour- ney as planned 2、在比较状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常常可以在主语前添加助动词do（be）代替前面出现过的动词。这时，比较对象放在这个do（be）后面，形成一种部分倒装的形式；在the more引导的比较状语从句中，其所修饰的名词应随之移至主谓语之前，而形成部分倒装。例如： 1）He always spends more time on that useless matter than do the others 2）The living standard of the people is higher than was the case ten years ago 3）Many people take it for granted that the more children one has，the more secure ones late years will be 3、在由no matter how，however和how引导的方式状语从句中，其后的形容词、副词应随其移至主谓语之前，而形成部分倒装。例如： 1）However hard he tried，he still failed in the entrance exam 2）No matter how badly they had slept she was always up early 五、在由“soadvadj that”和“such that”引出的结果状语从句中，要求用倒装