非谓语动词的区别.doc

让更多的孩子得到更好的教育如何区别三种非谓语动词审稿：白雪雁 责编：张敏在英语中，动词的地位非常重要,它可以充当句子的谓语，同时受主语的限制，必须在人称上和主语一致。另外，动词在句子中的作用还不止于作谓语。动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表： 非谓语动词功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词极少分词 . 不定式与动名词做主语的用法比较： 动词原形不能在句中做主语。如果某个动词在句中需做主语，我们可以把它变成动名词或动词不定式，有时它们的意思没多大区别。如：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. 一般来讲，在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如：Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 （笼统地谈吸烟问题）To finish the job in two days is impossible.要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（具体地谈这项工作） 不定式做主语时，通常用形式主语it 于句首，把不定式置于句尾，使句子平稳，以避免头重脚轻。动名词做主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于good, use, a waste of time等词的后面。It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。 在There is no句型中，常用动名词做主语。There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。. 不定式和动名词作宾语的用法比较： 有些及物动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式。常见的有： finish, enjoy, admit, appreciate, avoid, mind(介意), delay, dislike, escape, excuse, miss (错过), risk, practise, understand, imagine, suggest, stand (忍受)，deny, fancy, keep, get down to(着手干), put off (推迟), pay attention to, look forward to, cant help （不禁），feel likeIm sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾，我在上海时没看到你。He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting.他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。Would you mind closing the window?你介意把窗户关上吗？Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承认打破了窗户了？He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯定的回答。I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。I couldnt help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样。如：begin, start, continue, hate, like, love, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。We began making /to make plans for the work.我们开始制定工作计划。I like playing/to play the piano.我喜欢弹钢琴。He continued working/ to work as if nothing had happened.他继续工作就好像什么事都没发生过。Would you like to go shopping with me?你愿意和我去购物吗？ 有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着I didnt mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。You shouldnt go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式）Lets try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。forget, regret, remember后接不定式表示尚未发生的动作，接动名词表示已经发生的动作。I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。（ 以前没写信）I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。 （曾写过信）I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。（ 曾见过）Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 （目前还没写）I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 （以前讲过）I regret to tell you that you didnt pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 （以前没告诉过你）be used to do sth. 被用来做be used to doing sth. 习惯于做We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。cant help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 不禁We cant help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。On hearing the news, we couldnt help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。有些动词后面直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后面有名词或代词宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to 的不定式。如：allow, permit, advise, forbid, considerWe dont allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。We dont allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。He advised having a rest.他建议休息。He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。need, require, want 表示主语“需要（被作某种处置）”，其后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式均可。The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired.这个桥梁需要修一修了。介词（除but以外）后面的动词一律用动名词形式。but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用不定式，如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，则but 后面用动词原形，否则，就用不定式形式。They are interested in singing.他们爱好唱歌。（ 动名词singing作介词in的宾语）He did nothing but cry.他什么也没做，只是哭。（but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形）I had no choice but to cry.我别无办法，只好哭。（but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式）有些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语，不能接动名词， 如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, failI dont wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。We managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。 “疑问词+不定式”结构，（what, where, whether, who, whom, how, when + 不定式），可用作主语、宾语、表语等，其中以作宾语最为普遍，这一结构一般可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。It hasnt been decided where to go. 还没决定到哪里去。（主语）I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。（宾语）The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。（表语） 动名词、不定式和分词作表语的用法比较： 动名词和不定式都可以作表语，一般来讲，在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来动作时，多用不定式，有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。My job is typing letters and papers.我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作）The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。 当主语是动名词形式时，表语一般也用动名词形式，如果主语是不定式结构，表语一般也用不定式结构Saving is having. =To save is to have.（不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.）节约即是收入。Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn.(不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)教书是学习。 现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人的”；过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到的”。 如：interesting令人有兴趣的，有趣的interested 感兴趣的 tiring 令人疲劳的tired 感到疲倦的moving 令人感动的moved 受到感动的exciting 令人激动的excited 感到激动的puzzling 令人迷惑的puzzled 感到迷惑的disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 感到失望的She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。The window is broken. 窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态）The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作）The book is well written.这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态）The book was written by her.这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作）The tree is fallen.树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态） 不定式、动名词和分词作定语的用法比较： 不定式作定语要放在被修饰的词的后面，与其构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态 I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语)我有重要的事情要告诉你。I want to get something to read during the winter vacation. （something 是read的逻辑宾语）我想找点书在寒假读。* 若不定式是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的词是不定式的地点、工具等，不定式后面应有必要的介词。如：We are looking for a paper to write on.我们正在找写字用的纸。Im not sure which restaurant to eat at.我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。It would be a comfortable room to live in.这房间住起来会很舒适。* 序数词、最高级的后面，非谓语动词常用不定式作定语This is the first building to be designed by him.这是由他设计的第一栋楼房。They are the first to come, and the last to leave.他们是最先来而最后离开。He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运动员。 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态。a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室（动名词）a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（动名词）a swimming girl (=a girl who is swimming)在游泳的女孩（现在分词）a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一节卧车 （动名词）a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡觉的女孩（现在分词） 现在分词作定语，多表示“动作正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”动作或状态；而过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于谓语动词表示的动作”，表“被动”Did you see the boy dancing with the girl?= the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在进行)There were 50 children returning from school.= 50 children who were returning from school（表正在进行）The factory making the cars is a small one.= The factory which makes the cars (表示经常性)I live in a house facing the north.=a house that faces the north (表状态)It is the problem left over by history.= which have been left over by history. (先于谓语动词的动作、表被动)He is a leader respected by the people.= who is respected by the people. (表被动) 现在分词的被动语态（being +过去分词）作定语时，表示一个正在进行的、被动的动作The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的) 现在分词的完成式（having + 过去分词）不能作定语，此时可以用一个定于从句代替如：完成作业的那些人现在可以回家了。误：Those having finished their homework can go home now.正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now. 不定式和分词作状语的用法比较： 现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况等。Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(时间状语，walk 和meet 同时发生)Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因状语，hear 和rush out 几乎同时发生)We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴随状语，talk 和sit同时发生)Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(时间状语，brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前发生)Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (条件状语)Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因状语，be there在offer 之前发生) 现在分词一般不用作目的状语，通常用不定式作目的状语I studied hard to pass the exam.为了通过这次考试我努力读书。为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order 或so as。如：In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.为了按时到那儿，我们起的很早。（在句首时不能用so as to ）He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它们卖掉是为了有钱买食物。 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.( = As we were encouraged by the teacher)受到老师的鼓励，我们比以前更努力地学习。（原因状语）Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.( = If it is considered from the point of view) 若从这个角度考虑，那个问题很重要。（条件状语）Seen from the hill, the town looks nice.(= When the town is seen from the hill) (时间状语)He turned away disappointed.( = and he was disappointed) (伴随状语) 不定式和分词都可以作结果状语，但不定式表示出人意料的结果。I came in only to find nobody here.我走进来，却发现这儿一个人都没有。（表意外结果,加only用来强调意外）He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.他匆忙赶往车站，结果发现火车开走了。（表意外结果）The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.= and made it the most popular song全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人欢迎的歌曲。（没有意外结果的意思） 分词短语作状语时，它表示的动作或状态有意义上的主语，这个意义上的主语与句中主语是一致的，即指的同一的人或物。如：Looking up at Tom, I listened to the story of Washington.我抬头看着汤姆，听着华盛顿的故事。（look up 和listen to 都是 “ 我”发出的动作）如果分词短语意义上的主语与句中主语不是同一的人或物，就必须有一个名词或一个主格代词作它意义上的主语，放在前面构成一个独立短语，这种“名词（主格代词）+分词”的结构称为带主语的独立结构。这种结构相当于一个状语从句，表示条件、原因、结果、伴随等。The bus being very crowded, he had to stand.=As the bus was very crowded公共汽车很挤，他只好站着。（表原因）(分词的逻辑主语是the bus，句子的主语是he)All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.= After all the guests had left所有的客人走了之后，我们开始打扫房间。（表时间）（分词的逻辑主语是all the guests,句子的主语是we）“Mama！” she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.= ，and tears rolled down her cheeks.“妈妈”，她突然哭了，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。(表伴随)（分词的逻辑主语是tears,句子的主语是she） 不定式和分词作补足语的用法比较： 不定式主动式作补足语表主动的动作，现在分词作补足语表正在进行的动作，过去分词和不定式被动式作补足语表被动的动作。Would you like us to go with you?你愿意我们和你一起去吗？ （我们去）She could fell her heart beating violently.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厉害。（心正在跳动）Please get your baby examined.请让你的孩子检查一下。（孩子被检查） let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等词的后面接不定式作宾补时不带to。（在这些词中，除了let 和have一般不用于被动语态，其他动词均可用于被动语态，用于被动语态时，后面的不定式短语前须带to.）I let my child stay up late.我让我的孩子很晚才睡。I didnt notice you come in.我没注意到你进来。I made them give me the money back.我让他们把我的钱还了。They were made to pay back the money.他们被迫还钱。He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他离开了办公室。 感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice, observe等后面接“宾语+ 不带to 的不定式”时，表示看到一个动作或一件事情的全过程；接“宾语+ 现在分词”时，指看到或听到一个正在进行的动作，是一部分，而不是全过程；接过去分词作宾补时，表示“感受到某人或某事被”I saw him crossing the road.我看到他正在过马路。（指在马路中间或过马路的途中）I saw him cross the road.我看见他过了马路。（指看见他过了马路这个过程）I saw him beaten black and blue.我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。（指看见他被打） get, have, make, keep等词后过去分词作宾语补足语时表示“致使某人或某物被”I got my bad tooth pulled out at the dentists.我在牙医诊所里让医生把自己的坏牙拔掉了。They should keep us informed of what is going on there.他们应当让我们随时了解那里发生的情况。 要求接带to 的不定式作其宾补的动词有：force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等He advised me to give up smoking.他建议我戒烟。We encouraged him to try again.我们鼓励他再试试。At the meeting they invited me to speak.在会议上他们邀请我发言。 have +宾语+ 宾补 这个结构中用省去to 的不定式作宾补时，表示“让某人做某事”；用现在分词作宾补时，表示“让某人或某事不停地，持续地或一次又一次地进行某一个动作”；用过去分词作宾补时，常表示让别人做某事（有时作宾补的动词可能是主语的动作）或表示遭遇或经历。I had my bike repaired yesterday.我昨天找人修了自行车。（让别人做某事）I had my wallet picked at the cinema last night.昨晚在电影院我的钱包被偷了。（表遭遇）I must have my work done by Wednesday.我必须在星期四之前把工作做完。（“我”要工作，表宾补的动作是主语发出的）I had him find me a job.我让他给我找个工作。（表让某人做某事）He had us laughing all through the meal.他让我们在整顿饭期间笑个不停。（表不停地、一次又一次地笑）* have +宾语+doing 用于否定时常和情态动词will/would连用，表示“不允许某人总是或反复地做某事”I wont have him speaking to me like that.我不允许他那样对我讲话。 非谓语动词的时态和语态 一般来说，当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，即不定式与它修饰的名词/代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式一般要用被动形式。Its possible for our hopes to be realized.(realize 和our hopes 构成了动宾关系)The book is not allowed to be taken out of the room.(take 和book构成了动宾关系) 如果不定式与最近的名词/代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，但与同句中的另一名词却有主谓关系，则不定式用主动式。He needs a room to live in.（live