研究生英语听说教程第二册课本英语课后段落翻译.doc

One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work.Many students believe years of watching television have sabotaged their attention span, but their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think. 听讲课存在的一个问题是：会听是很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有效的学习方法，因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容。有时甚至仅仅做到专心听讲都很难。人们可以以每分钟400-600个字的速度听，而最富有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲话和理解之间的时间差导致开小差。 很多学生认为多年来看电视已经削弱了他们保持注意力的能力。但是他们真正的问题是专心听课比他们认为的要难得多。Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake.After all, students must learn to listen before they can listen to learn. 讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。一是因为讲课似乎从经济上是必需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错误的那一端在大学的第一和第二年，那时他们最需要密切的、甚至是针对个体需要的指导。如果讲课这一形式局限于三、四年级的学生，则对学生的兴趣和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，因为三、四年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，而且更有能力自己制定学习计划。毕竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前必须先要学会去听。 Most of us associate very strongly with the place of our birth or the place we have learned to call home. It can hurt very much not to be able to go there physically in order to feel secure.我们大多数人都把自己同自己的出生地或我们称之为家的地方紧密相联。不能回家以获得安全感是令人痛苦的。Other students are very excited in the beginning only to find, after several weeks, that they are starting to miss what was familiar and wish for a visit with friends and family.别的学生一开始很兴奋，几周后却发现自己开始想念所熟知的事物，并希望见到朋友和家人。Homesickness can strike any of us when we have moved to new surroundings and are being called upon to meet our needs in a different way and with different people.当我们搬迁到新的环境，需要以不同方式与不同的人交往以满足自己的需要的时候, 我们每个人都会有想家的感觉。Sometimes it can become a more serious depression if the person cannot begin to meet his/her needs for love and belonging with new people.有时, 如果这个人开始对爱的需要不能得到满足，想融入新群体的愿望又不能实现, 那么想家就可能会导致更严重的忧郁症。Often, homesickness is another way of saying we are scared to face the future, or that were doubting our ability to cope.通常, 想家是另一种表明我们害怕面对未来或怀疑自己应对能力的方式。One of these reasons is that each life-form occupies a special place within its ecosystem that is, its community of plant and animal life, in combination with the nonliving components of its environment such as the climate, soil, water, and air. During the current sixth great extinction, three species of life-forms are dying out every hour, or 74 per day, which equals 27,000 each year. Some of these and we dont even know which ones are undoubtedly keystone species.理由之一是, 每个物种在它所处的由所有动植物和无生命的气候、土壤、水和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个特殊的地位。例如, 在森林中，较高的树掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水份保持层，供其它植物利用。它们的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨冲走。无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟提供栖息地，为昆虫提供食物。枯树腐烂以后还可以肥沃森林的土壤，得以使其它植物从原处拔地而出。这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种; 如果它们从生态系统中消失,其后果会遍及所有居住在森林的其它物种。哈佛大学的生物学家爱德华威尔逊说：“一个主要物种的消失就像钻头意外地钻断电线，导致四处断电。”在当前第六次“大灭绝”时期, 每小时平均有三个物种灭绝，也就是每天有74 个物种灭绝, 每年合计达27,000 个。其中有些物种虽然我们不确定是哪些毫无疑问是主要物种。Most Gen Xers have the desire to forgo career advancement for more time with their wife and children, especially in the early years of their childrens lives.Gen Xers, on the other hand, watched the sacrifices that their parents made to move up the career ladder, only to be met with massive layoffs in American corporations.然而，X一代人目睹了他们的父母为了职业晋升而做出牺牲，结果却遭遇了美国公司的大量裁员。These different perspectives can often lead to clashes in the workplace. Each group is prone to generalizations about the other.这些不同的观点视角常常导致工作中的冲突。他们彼此都易于把对方概念化。Gen Xers see no reason to pay their dues because they can get the job done better and faster and still have time for their lifestyles and family.X一代人认为自己没有理由要尽职苦干，因为他们能把工作做得又好又快，而且仍有时间来休闲和陪伴家人。（物）有人会说唯一的解决办法是通过司法体系，因为随着婴儿潮时期的人不断变老，与年龄歧视有关的诉讼可能会增加。But history will repeat itself as the baby boomers leave the workforce, the Gen Xers rise to power and generation Y employees come on the scene.但是，历史就是如此循还往复 随着婴儿潮时期出生的人开始退休，X一代开始掌权，Y一代开始步入社会。Male breadwinning and female childrearing have been the pattern of social life throughout history, albeit not always in quite so extreme a form as found in modern societies over the past century and a half.And rather than the unisex pursuit of “freedom with a male bias,” we should be doing more to foster a culture in which the traditional female values of relationship and caring are given a higher priority and respect. (Para. 13)男人挣钱养家、女人生儿育女是有史以来天经地义的社会生活模式，虽然这种模式并不总如过去一个半世纪现代社会中表现得那样极端。也许除了在没有年幼儿童的成人伴侣中可以进行很多社会实验，认为核心家庭可以或者应该被完全抛弃是极其鲁莽的。当孩子成为综合考虑因素的一部分时，基本的生理和社会限制就开始发挥作用比如母亲对幼小儿童的重要性如果抛弃核心家庭的中心元素，社会将会承担极大的风险。与其努力同时承担男性挣钱养家和女性生儿育女的双重责任，并为自己不能达到目的而不断地感到失望和不安，不如我们更坦然地承认、考虑、并欣赏不同性别的截然不同的需求、性兴趣、价值观和目标，这样我们会做得更好。与其不分男女都追求“具有男性偏向的自由”，我们应该做更多的工作来促进一种社会文化：给予注重家庭亲情关系和养育子女的传统女性价值观更多的重视和尊重。In a much modified form, then, traditional marital gender roles are necessary if the good of society and of individuals are to be advanced. (Para. 14)因此，如果要推进社会以及个人的利益，经过改良的传统婚姻性别角色是必要的。1) Even the most neutral of works, Websters, in its Seventh New Collegiate Edition, gives itself away, defining ambition first and foremost as “an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power.”即使是最中立的著作韦伯斯特词典也暴露了它自己的追求目标，它在其新大学版第七版中将雄心首先定义为“一种追求地位、荣誉或权利的热切欲望”。2) Ardent immediately assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability, and rank, fame, and power have come under fairly heavy attack for at least a century. “热切”这个词立刻呈现出与理智的判断和沉稳的心态所不相称的热烈情绪，而地位、荣誉和权利也在至少长达一个世纪的时间里一直受到相当猛烈的抨击。3) One can, after all, be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind, 然而毕竟一个人可以立志于促进公共的利益，减轻人们的痛苦，或是启迪人类的思想。4) The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with all its former power for bringing about neurosis drained away. 家庭将成为多余的社会单位，不再具有以前能够带给人们焦虑和恐惧的力量。5) Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. 人们的寿命将会延长，因为越来越少的人会死于由拼命工作而引起的心脏病和中风。2) Ardent immediately assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability, and rank, fame, and power have come under fairly heavy attack for at least a century. “热切”这个词立刻呈现出与理智的判断和沉稳的心态所不相称的热烈情绪，而地位、荣誉和权利也在至少长达一个世纪的时间里一直受到相当猛烈的抨击。3) One can, after all, be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind, 然而毕竟一个人可以立志于促进公共的利益，减轻人们的痛苦，或是启迪人类的思想。4) The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with all its former power for bringing about neurosis drained away. 家庭将成为多余的社会单位，不再具有以前能够带给人们焦虑和恐惧的力量。5) Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. 人们的寿命将会延长，因为越来越少的人会死于由拼命工作而引起的心脏病和中风。2) Ardent immediately as